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Chemical protein synthesis is a well-recognized strategy to produce proteins that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to obtain, such as posttranslationally modified and mirror-image proteins, for biochemical and biomedical research ( 1 – 7 ). The strategy commonly requires the assembly of peptide segments to fo... | 39018393_p0 | 39018393 | INTRODUCTION | 4.546209 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9986100196838379,
0.000593660690356046,
0.0007962554809637368
] | [
0.7588560581207275,
0.0017886419082060456,
0.23887313902378082,
0.00048210774548351765
] | en | 0.999998 |
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), one of the most powerful and most commonly used solvents in peptide chemistry ( 29 – 32 ), can effectively dissolve virtually all peptides and prevent the formation of unwanted secondary structures or aggregates ( 5 , 6 , 23 , 33 – 35 ). We envisioned that TFA, if it can be used as the ligat... | 39018393_p1 | 39018393 | INTRODUCTION | 4.169349 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9996254444122314,
0.00019800626614596695,
0.00017651630332693458
] | [
0.9984326958656311,
0.0009146087104454637,
0.0005586411571130157,
0.00009396452514920384
] | en | 0.999999 |
In our recent study on the development of substrates for STL, we found that 1,3-propanedithiol can react rapidly with a peptide salicylaldehyde ester in TFA to form an S,S -propanedithioacetal ( 36 ). Inspired by this finding, we designed a peptide thiosalicylaldehyde thioester ( 1a ) and a 1,3-dithiol-containing Cys-p... | 39018393_p2 | 39018393 | The enhanc ed native chemical ligation by peptide conjugation in TFA | 4.133218 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995431900024414,
0.00022720429114997387,
0.00022963796800468117
] | [
0.9993765950202942,
0.0002865377173293382,
0.0002722268982324749,
0.0000647269916953519
] | en | 0.999997 |
We dissolved 1a (10 mM) and 2a (10 mM) in TFA at room temperature. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis showed that 1a and 2a were completely and clearly consumed within only 30 s, accompanied by the formation of a new single peak 3a (97% HPLC yield), the corresponding molecular mass... | 39018393_p3 | 39018393 | The enhanc ed native chemical ligation by peptide conjugation in TFA | 4.331855 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9991483688354492,
0.0006373978685587645,
0.00021430548804346472
] | [
0.9988225102424622,
0.0005072615458630025,
0.00045858192606829107,
0.00021163771452847868
] | en | 0.999997 |
In a control experiment, peptides 1a (1 mM), 2a (1 mM), and 2e (1 mM) were dissolved together in TFA. As expected, 1a only reacted with 2a , but not with 2e , demonstrating that the aldehyde group of 1a chemoselectively reacts with the 1,3-dithiol of 2a in TFA, while the N-terminal Cys and the thiol group on the adjace... | 39018393_p4 | 39018393 | The enhanc ed native chemical ligation by peptide conjugation in TFA | 4.141224 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994397759437561,
0.0003197493206243962,
0.00024039325944613665
] | [
0.9993923902511597,
0.0002195558772655204,
0.00031890341779217124,
0.00006909896910656244
] | en | 0.999999 |
Conversion of 3a to 4a can be carried out with a wide range of peptide concentrations from 0.001 to 1 mM and a broad pH range from 5 to 9, all with high HPLC yields . In addition, quantitative conversion of 3a to 4a (HPLC yields more than 95%) can be readily performed in various solvent conditions. This includes denatu... | 39018393_p5 | 39018393 | The enhanc ed native chemical ligation by peptide conjugation in TFA | 4.124947 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995056390762329,
0.0002108912158291787,
0.00028351438231766224
] | [
0.9982253909111023,
0.0011422280222177505,
0.0005510090268217027,
0.00008136763062793761
] | en | 0.999995 |
To investigate how the performance of TAL was affected by the location of the 1,3-dithiol modifications, the 1,3-dithiol group was introduced onto the amide between Lys 4 -Phe 5 or Gly 8 -Ala 9 sites in 2 to generate peptides 2b and 2c , respectively. 2b and 2c were separately ligated with 1a in TFA to afford 3b and 3c... | 39018393_p6 | 39018393 | The enhanc ed native chemical ligation by peptide conjugation in TFA | 4.168647 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994344115257263,
0.000282197812339291,
0.00028329688939265907
] | [
0.9993958473205566,
0.00029256034758873284,
0.0002477808448020369,
0.00006375931116053835
] | en | 0.999998 |
The scope of the TAL method was assessed via the ligation in TFA between 2a and a series of model peptide thiosalicylaldehyde thioesters ( 1b to 1p ) bearing various C-terminal amino acids and having the general sequence GALKFERG X . The desired ligated peptides 5b to 5p except 5k were obtained with >90% HPLC yields ( ... | 39018393_p7 | 39018393 | The enhanc ed native chemical ligation by peptide conjugation in TFA | 4.139608 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993799924850464,
0.0003625451063271612,
0.0002574954414740205
] | [
0.99935382604599,
0.00023341254564002156,
0.00033598075970076025,
0.00007679297414142638
] | en | 0.999997 |
In previous work, we found that the peptide thioester Hin-Lig (1-27)-MPAA 6a derived from Haemophilus influenzae DNA Ligase (Hin-Lig) failed to ligate with Hin-Lig (28-85) 7a in phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 6 M Gn·HCl, a denaturing solvent often used for NCL, because of the formation of colloidal particles ( 27... | 39018393_p8 | 39018393 | The TAL method enabled the assembly of peptides prone to form colloidal particles | 4.2583 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994373917579651,
0.00027967378264293075,
0.0002829720906447619
] | [
0.9993199110031128,
0.00025116835604421794,
0.00035685725742951035,
0.00007200466643553227
] | en | 0.999995 |
Peptide thioester Hin-Lig (1-27)–TSAL thioester 6 and Hin-Lig [28-85, L 35,Aux(LA) ] 7 were prepared from the corresponding peptide hydrazide and via a standard Fmoc-SPPS–based RBM strategy , respectively. Both peptides 6 (5 mM) and 7 (5 mM) easily dissolved in TFA to give a solution that did not exhibit a Tyndall effe... | 39018393_p9 | 39018393 | The TAL method enabled the assembly of peptides prone to form colloidal particles | 4.226671 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994373917579651,
0.0003632977604866028,
0.00019936513854190707
] | [
0.999024510383606,
0.0005046729929745197,
0.0003488216607365757,
0.00012204238737467676
] | en | 0.999998 |
In summary, TFA shows better solubilizing and denaturing properties than solvents traditionally used for peptide ligation and allows the efficient ligation of peptide segments refractory to canonical native chemical ligation. | 39018393_p10 | 39018393 | The TAL method enabled the assembly of peptides prone to form colloidal particles | 3.94921 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995754361152649,
0.00016558445349801332,
0.00025887874653562903
] | [
0.9507756233215332,
0.03430919721722603,
0.014522498473525047,
0.000392606743844226
] | en | 0.999998 |
To evaluate the potential of TAL to synthesize challenging proteins, we chose the single, 75-amino acid transmembrane protein severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Envelope (E) protein as a target, which is implicated in viral budding, release, and the host inflammatory response ( 39 ). A synthes... | 39018393_p11 | 39018393 | The TAL method promoted the chemical synthesis of membrane protein | 4.099299 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9996210336685181,
0.00017465250857640058,
0.00020420484361238778
] | [
0.9990346431732178,
0.0005069721373729408,
0.00039670802652835846,
0.00006172407302074134
] | en | 0.999998 |
Initially, we applied the conventional NCL strategy to prepare the E protein by dividing it into two segments between Leu 39 and Cys 40 . Because of the hydrophobic nature of these segments, we temporarily installed a solubilizing Lys 8 -tag on the amide bond of Phe 4 and Ile 46 to give E (1-39, F 4,Aux )–MPAA 9a and E... | 39018393_p12 | 39018393 | The TAL method promoted the chemical synthesis of membrane protein | 4.27078 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994163513183594,
0.00033389509189873934,
0.00024973697145469487
] | [
0.9993535876274109,
0.00027247046818956733,
0.0002826479321811348,
0.00009118719026446342
] | en | 0.999995 |
We turned to the TAL method to address this challenge. Two peptides, E (1-39, F 4,Aux )–TSAL thioester 9 and E [40-75, I 46,Aux(LA) ] 10 were synthesized with isolated yields of 18% and 16% . To our delight, both 9 (2 mM) and 10 (2 mM) were completely dissolved in TFA at a concentration of 2 mM without any detectable T... | 39018393_p13 | 39018393 | The TAL method promoted the chemical synthesis of membrane protein | 4.383152 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992052912712097,
0.0005449294694699347,
0.0002498173853382468
] | [
0.999138593673706,
0.0003438781714066863,
0.00034895582939498127,
0.00016847244114615023
] | en | 0.999995 |
Next, we used TAL to synthesize nanobodies (Nbs) composed of nine β strands. Nbs, which consist of the smallest naturally available antigen-binding VHH domains of antibodies but lack light chains, are a class of antibodies demonstrating improved tissue penetration and water solubility compared with traditional antibodi... | 39018393_p14 | 39018393 | The TAL method allowed multiple-segment ligation to give nanobodies | 4.131337 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9996411800384521,
0.0001454788289265707,
0.0002132500521838665
] | [
0.9989546537399292,
0.00041696924017742276,
0.0005763891385868192,
0.00005202156535233371
] | en | 0.999998 |
We chose a 120-residue Nb that targets green fluorescent protein as a representative example ( 45 ). First, we tried the canonical ligation strategy. Nb was divided into three segments: Nb (1-52)–MPAA 12a , Nb (53-94)-NHNH 2 13a , and Nb (95-120) 14a , which were synthesized with isolation yields of 29%, 21%, and 41%, ... | 39018393_p15 | 39018393 | The TAL method allowed multiple-segment ligation to give nanobodies | 4.145704 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999380350112915,
0.0002694644208531827,
0.00035015385947190225
] | [
0.9995354413986206,
0.00019534745661076158,
0.00021049987117294222,
0.000058695688494481146
] | en | 0.999995 |
We turned to use the TAL method to achieve the chemical synthesis of Nb. Three peptides Nb (1-52, C 21,Acm )–TSAL thioester 12 , Nb [53-94, F 67,Aux(LA) ]-NHNH 2 13 , and Nb [95-120, Q 109,Aux(LA) ] 14 were prepared. Peptide 12 was prepared with an isolated yield of 18% from the corresponding peptide hydrazide Nb (1-52... | 39018393_p16 | 39018393 | The TAL method allowed multiple-segment ligation to give nanobodies | 4.153389 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995098114013672,
0.00025451669353060424,
0.00023572036297991872
] | [
0.9993360638618469,
0.00028894966817460954,
0.0003051433595828712,
0.00006985410436755046
] | en | 0.999998 |
The assembly of full-length Nb was carried out in an N-to-C direction by two successive peptide ligations in TFA. First, 12 (2 mM) and 13 (2.1 mM) were dissolved in TFA, and the peptide dithioacetal thioester 15a was formed within 5 min at 30°C, as confirmed by ESI-MS (observed: 10,459.90 Da; calculated: 10,460.30 Da).... | 39018393_p17 | 39018393 | The TAL method allowed multiple-segment ligation to give nanobodies | 4.401211 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993144273757935,
0.00045643362682312727,
0.0002291660784976557
] | [
0.9989181756973267,
0.0005315595772117376,
0.000373711867723614,
0.00017657032003626227
] | en | 0.999996 |
Peptides 15 (1 mM) and 14 (1.2 mM) were ligated by mixing their respective TFA solutions. The ligation was complete within 5 min at 30°C to afford 16a , the molecular mass of which was consistent with that of the expected peptide dithioacetal thioester (observed MM: 14,797.21 Da; theoretical MM: 14,797.53 Da). After co... | 39018393_p18 | 39018393 | The TAL method allowed multiple-segment ligation to give nanobodies | 4.303386 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993770718574524,
0.0004398819000925869,
0.00018308451399207115
] | [
0.9987797141075134,
0.0007533014286309481,
0.00027957663405686617,
0.00018745200941339135
] | en | 0.999996 |
Purified 16d (0.2 mg/ml) was dissolved in an aqueous buffer [6 M Gn·HCl and 100 mM tris (pH 8.5)] at 4°C for 48 hours to form the intramolecular disulfide bond. Gn·HCl was removed by gradient dialysis. Subsequent purification by size exclusion chromatography yielded the final folded Nb 16 (isolation yield: 62%), which ... | 39018393_p19 | 39018393 | The TAL method allowed multiple-segment ligation to give nanobodies | 4.210368 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995243549346924,
0.00026978380628861487,
0.0002058607351500541
] | [
0.9993972778320312,
0.00020772192510776222,
0.0003190777497366071,
0.00007590833411086351
] | en | 0.999999 |
In summary, we have discovered that TFA can serve as an effective solvent for ligating virtually any peptide segments, including those that are poorly soluble in solvents like 6 M Gn·HCl aqueous buffer and/or prone to form colloid structures. In combination with native chemical ligation, this peptide conjugation strate... | 39018393_p20 | 39018393 | DISCUSSION | 4.253211 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999505877494812,
0.0003205781104043126,
0.0001734583784127608
] | [
0.9955054521560669,
0.0005625992780551314,
0.0037865382619202137,
0.00014535717491526157
] | en | 0.999997 |
Rink amide resin and 2-Cl-Trt-Cl resin were bought from Nankai Hecheng Science & Technology Co., Ltd (Tianjin, China). Trityl-OH ChemMatrix resin and rink amide ChemMatrix resin were bought from PCAS BioMatrix Inc. The peptide synthesis tubes were bought from Synthware Glass Co. Ltd. All Fmoc amino acids and Boc amino ... | 39018393_p21 | 39018393 | Reagents and materials | 1.373713 | biomedical | Other | [
0.9765474200248718,
0.002039270708337426,
0.021413352340459824
] | [
0.05795033276081085,
0.9389474391937256,
0.0012719165533781052,
0.001830335590057075
] | en | 0.999996 |
Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was performed on a Shimadzu Prominence HPLC System (Shimadzu Corp., Japan). Peptide analysis was performed on a YMC C4 (4.6 mm × 250 mm) column at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and a YMC C4 (10 mm × 250 mm or 22 mm × 150 mm) column at a flow rate of 4.0 or 6.0... | 39018393_p22 | 39018393 | High-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism spectroscopy | 4.101828 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995855689048767,
0.00019748936756514013,
0.00021702171943616122
] | [
0.9974206686019897,
0.0021453702356666327,
0.00034530553966760635,
0.00008868297300068662
] | en | 0.999996 |
A Shimadzu Prominence HPLC System (Shimadzu Corp., Japan) with LCMS-2020 was used to record electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra. Applied Photophysics Pistar Π-180 circular dichroism spectrometer was used to record circular dichroism spectra. | 39018393_p23 | 39018393 | High-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism spectroscopy | 2.510034 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9962427616119385,
0.00040931731928139925,
0.0033479142002761364
] | [
0.5843799114227295,
0.41296011209487915,
0.0013963711680844426,
0.0012635100865736604
] | en | 0.999997 |
All peptides were synthesized by using an automated microwave peptide synthesizer (CEM Liberty Blue). Rink amide AM resin was used to prepare C-terminal amide peptides, while 2-Cl-Trt-NHNH 2 resin was used to yield Cterminal hydrazide peptides. The resin was swelled in a mixture of DCM and DMF (5 ml + 5 ml) for 30 min.... | 39018393_p24 | 39018393 | Automated microwave peptide synthesis | 4.220051 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994514584541321,
0.00038913017488084733,
0.00015946029452607036
] | [
0.9974092841148376,
0.0018266611732542515,
0.0005907785380259156,
0.00017321575433015823
] | en | 0.999998 |
The peptide assembly was performed using an automated microwave peptide synthesizer. After the removal of the Fmoc group of the amino acid that needs to be connected to the Aux, the remaining process requires manual handling, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-nitrobenzaldehyde [4 equivalent (equiv.)] in DMF was added to the resin ... | 39018393_p25 | 39018393 | Synthesis of auxiliary-containing peptides | 4.083315 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9989607334136963,
0.0007265611202456057,
0.00031269024475477636
] | [
0.9501679539680481,
0.048088472336530685,
0.0010441849008202553,
0.0006993128336034715
] | en | 0.999997 |
The standard microwave-assisted double coupling protocol was used to assemble the following amino acids. Note that the amino group of the last amino acid should be protected with a Boc group for the subsequent Fmoc SPPS for Lys-tag or LA-tag. | 39018393_p26 | 39018393 | Synthesis of auxiliary-containing peptides | 3.486495 | biomedical | Other | [
0.9967003464698792,
0.0017926752334460616,
0.0015068920329213142
] | [
0.14433743059635162,
0.852679431438446,
0.0014512555208057165,
0.0015319491503760219
] | en | 0.999996 |
After the peptide chain assembly, B 2 (OH) 4 (20 equiv.) in DMF (4 ml for 0.1 mmol resin) and 4,4′-bipyridine (0.25 equiv.) in DMF (1 ml for 0.1 mmol of resin) were added to the resin and reacted for 20 min (twice). This step transformed the nitro into the free amino group. | 39018393_p27 | 39018393 | Synthesis of auxiliary-containing peptides | 3.621167 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9972091317176819,
0.0015630454290658236,
0.0012278211070224643
] | [
0.8670800924301147,
0.1307649165391922,
0.0007866928935982287,
0.0013683239230886102
] | en | 0.999996 |
For the introduction of a LA-tag, LA coupling was carried out by adding a solution of the LA (10.0 equiv.), HATU (9.8 equiv.), and DIEA (20 equiv.) in DMF to the resin for 1 hour (twice) at 30°C. In the case of Lys 8 -tag, a solution of Fmoc-Gly-OH (8.0 equiv.), HATU (7.6 equiv.), DMAP (0.8 equiv.), and DIEA (16.0 equi... | 39018393_p28 | 39018393 | Synthesis of auxiliary-containing peptides | 4.235191 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9988352656364441,
0.0006000302382744849,
0.0005647071520797908
] | [
0.9913017749786377,
0.008016831241548061,
0.00046269496669992805,
0.00021869526244699955
] | en | 0.999995 |
The 2-OH group of the auxiliary was then capped using Ac 2 O or Boc-GABA-OH as follows, which enabled the auxiliary groups to withstand TFA cleavage: (i) a solution of 10 ml of Ac 2 O/DIEA/DMF (1:1:8, v/v/v) to the resin for 30 min at 30°C; and (ii) Boc-GABA-OH (10 equiv.), DIC (10 equiv.), Oxyma (10 equiv.), and DMAP ... | 39018393_p29 | 39018393 | Synthesis of auxiliary-containing peptides | 4.142328 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999152660369873,
0.0004583958943840116,
0.0003889453655574471
] | [
0.98531174659729,
0.013877172023057938,
0.0005509296315722167,
0.00026028195861727
] | en | 0.999996 |
Peptide hydrazide (1 equiv.) was dissolved in 0.2 M phosphate buffer containing 6 M Gn·HCl (pH 3.0) and was oxidized by adding NaNO 2 (10 equiv.) to the solution for 20 min at −15°C to generate the corresponding peptide azide. To convert peptide azide into its thioester, MPAA (30 equiv.) was then added to the solution ... | 39018393_p30 | 39018393 | Preparation of peptide-MPAA | 4.167944 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992364645004272,
0.0005269129760563374,
0.0002367163251619786
] | [
0.9911578297615051,
0.007844614796340466,
0.0006913040997460485,
0.0003062218602281064
] | en | 0.999996 |
Peptide hydrazide (1 equiv.) was dissolved in 0.2 M phosphate buffer containing 6 M Gn·HCl (pH 3.0) and was oxidized by adding NaNO 2 (10 equiv.) to the solution for 20 min at −15°C to generate peptide azide. To convert peptide azide into its thioester, 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl) benzenethiol (30 equiv.) in CH 3 CN was then... | 39018393_p31 | 39018393 | Preparation of peptide-TSAL thioester | 4.208691 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992609620094299,
0.0005266882362775505,
0.00021234962332528085
] | [
0.9936115145683289,
0.005358695983886719,
0.0007470796699635684,
0.0002826874842867255
] | en | 0.999998 |
Peptide hydrazide (1 equiv.) was dissolved in 0.2 M phosphate buffer containing 6 M Gn·HCl (pH 3.0) and was oxidized by adding NaNO 2 (10 equiv.) to the solution for 20 min at −15°C to generate peptide azide. After that, the phosphate solution of MPAA (50 equiv.) and N-terminal Cys peptide (1 to 1.2 equiv.) was added f... | 39018393_p32 | 39018393 | Native chemical ligation | 4.186733 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999254047870636,
0.0005097524845041335,
0.0002362363156862557
] | [
0.9961649179458618,
0.003230957081541419,
0.0004151895991526544,
0.00018893973901867867
] | en | 0.999996 |
The ligation of peptide-TSAL thioester (1 to 10 mM) and the 1,3-dithiol-containing peptide (1 to 10 mM) was carried out in TFA solution at room temperature. The ligation was tracked with analysis of RP-HPLC and ESI-MS. Upon completion of the ligation, the TFA solution was concentrated by blowing N 2 and precipitation w... | 39018393_p33 | 39018393 | The TAL method | 4.274116 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993927478790283,
0.0004255480889696628,
0.00018169067334383726
] | [
0.9987629652023315,
0.0005956919048912823,
0.0004925680113956332,
0.00014884531265124679
] | en | 0.999998 |
The peptide was dissolved in ligation buffer (6 M Gn·HCl or TFA) in a glass vial. The solution was illuminated from the bottom of bottle using a laser pointer (~530 nm) to observe whether there was a bright laser beam. The observation of a bright laser beam led to the conclusion that the peptide had formed colloidal pa... | 39018393_p34 | 39018393 | The Tyndall effect | 3.798758 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9991980195045471,
0.00029848067788407207,
0.0005034436471760273
] | [
0.9605830907821655,
0.03846683353185654,
0.0005599283613264561,
0.0003900737501680851
] | en | 0.999997 |
The peptide (1.0 μmol) was dissolved in the desulfurization buffer [700 μl; 6.0 M Gn·HCl, 0.2 M Na 2 HPO 4 , and 0.5 M TCEP (pH 6.9)]. Subsequently, 70 μl of tBuSH and 700 μl of VA-044 solution (0.1 M in water) were added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 37°C for 3 to 24 hours. The reaction was monitored using ... | 39018393_p35 | 39018393 | Free radical desulfurization | 4.11004 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992390871047974,
0.0005259945755824447,
0.00023492611944675446
] | [
0.994901180267334,
0.004533078987151384,
0.00034182987292297184,
0.00022387152421288192
] | en | 0.999996 |
The peptide containing the Acm group (1 mM) was dissolved in the aqueous buffer [6.0 M Gn·HCl and 0.2 M Na 2 HPO 4 (pH 7.2)] and treated with PdCl 2 (50 equiv.) for 15 min at 30°C to remove the Acm group. Upon completion of the reaction, 200 equiv. of dithiothreitol (DTT) was added to quench the reaction and precipitat... | 39018393_p36 | 39018393 | Removal of the Acm group | 4.081 | biomedical | Study | [
0.999245285987854,
0.0004510882426984608,
0.00030368880834430456
] | [
0.995067834854126,
0.004389327019453049,
0.0003357578825671226,
0.00020706167561002076
] | en | 0.999998 |
The auxiliary-containing peptide was dissolved in TFA cocktails (TFA/PhOH/DTT/H 2 O/thioanisole, 87.5/2.5/2.5/5/2.5, v/w/w/v/v) and incubated at 37°C for 1 to 5 hours to remove the auxiliary groups. Note that the auxiliary groups can also be cleaved using HFIP and 5% triisopropylsilane with either 0.1 or 1 M HCl. After... | 39018393_p37 | 39018393 | Removal of the auxiliary group | 4.179619 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993771910667419,
0.0003883207100443542,
0.00023448222782462835
] | [
0.995815098285675,
0.0036227635573595762,
0.0003735674254130572,
0.00018855374946724623
] | en | 0.999997 |
The chemically synthetic SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) (0.2 mg/ml) was folded under 20 mM sodium phosphate (pH 5.5) (100 mM diphenylamine carboxylate and 50 mM NaCl) at 30°C for 24 hours. | 39018393_p38 | 39018393 | Folding of SARS-CoV-2 envelope | 4.056374 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995594620704651,
0.00020945779397152364,
0.0002310857380507514
] | [
0.9973911046981812,
0.0022734766826033592,
0.00023049650189932436,
0.00010481846402399242
] | en | 0.999997 |
The full-length Nb (10 mg) was dissolved in 50 ml of aqueous buffer [6.0 M Gn·HCl and 100 mM tris (pH 8.5)] and incubated at 4°C for 2 days to form an intramolecular disulfide bond. The folding process was then carried out by stepwise dialysis to obtain folded Nb, which was subsequently purified by gel filtration chrom... | 39018393_p39 | 39018393 | Folding of Nb | 4.150514 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995530247688293,
0.00023472844623029232,
0.00021216206368990242
] | [
0.9974815249443054,
0.002082302002236247,
0.00030595436692237854,
0.00013024754298385233
] | en | 0.999995 |
The fluorescence binding assay was carried out by titrating 50 nM purified wild-type green fluorescent protein (WT GFP) with 0 to 50 nM of the chemically synthesized GFP Nb or the recombinant GFP Nb. The emission intensity of WT GFP was quantified using a laser scanner and a multifunction microplate reader (SpectraMax ... | 39018393_p40 | 39018393 | Fluorescence binding assay | 4.09573 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9995772242546082,
0.00020738599414471537,
0.00021543906768783927
] | [
0.9991663694381714,
0.0005262720515020192,
0.00024594739079475403,
0.00006137700256658718
] | en | 0.999998 |
The plasmid for expression was obtained by inserting the DNA sequences of E protein, WT GFP, or Nb into the pET-28a(+) plasmid using the restriction endonucleases Nco I and Xho I. GenScript Biotech (Nanjing, China) synthesized the genes for E protein, WT GFP, and Nb, which were then expressed and purified in the same m... | 39018393_p41 | 39018393 | Cloning and purification of E protein, WT GFP, and Nb | 4.327172 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993252754211426,
0.00043230399023741484,
0.00024237571051344275
] | [
0.9984332919120789,
0.0010783212492242455,
0.00034872762626037,
0.00013968847633805126
] | en | 0.999996 |
Controlling droplets is crucial in various practical applications, spanning biomedical fields ( 1 , 2 ), chemical reactions ( 3 ), thermal regulation ( 4 ), water harvesting ( 5 ), and electronics ( 6 ). Various external stimuli, such as magnetic ( 7 , 8 ), electrical ( 9 , 10 ), optical ( 11 , 12 ), and ultrasound ( 1... | 39018413_p0 | 39018413 | INTRODUCTION | 4.400574 | biomedical | Review | [
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] | [
0.24141156673431396,
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] | en | 0.999996 |
However, current research primarily concentrates on the deformation and manipulation of individual droplets within a 2D plane ( 39 – 41 ). This focus not only constrains the potential application scenarios of droplets but also restricts the functionality and operational capabilities of droplet-based miniature soft robo... | 39018413_p1 | 39018413 | INTRODUCTION | 4.033724 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
0.9123439192771912,
0.0010698235128074884,
0.08643071353435516,
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] | en | 0.999998 |
In our study, we introduce a bimodal strategy for 3D manipulation of both individual droplets and droplet collectives. This strategy relies on two external fields: magnetic and light fields. Magnetic fields serve to modulate the morphology and orientation of individual droplets, facilitating their division into multipl... | 39018413_p2 | 39018413 | INTRODUCTION | 4.271128 | biomedical | Study | [
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] | [
0.9983956217765808,
0.0002881230029743165,
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] | en | 0.999997 |
The coprecipitation method is used for synthesizing Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles coated with oleic acid ( 49 – 51 ). Subsequently, these nanoparticles are incorporated into mineral oil, resulting in the formation of an oil-based ferrofluid . Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, coated with oleic acid, are uniformly dispersed in the miner... | 39018413_p3 | 39018413 | Governing mechanism of 3D locomotion of individual ferrofluidic droplets | 4.297959 | biomedical | Study | [
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0.0013806588249281049
] | [
0.9993065595626831,
0.0002638809382915497,
0.0003518535231705755,
0.00007760852167848498
] | en | 0.999997 |
The working principle of NIR laser-induced droplet 3D locomotion involves two primary mechanisms. First, localized laser spot irradiation on the ferrofluid droplet leads to temperature elevation, resulting in uneven temperature distribution between the ferrofluid and water phases. This temperature differential triggers... | 39018413_p4 | 39018413 | Governing mechanism of 3D locomotion of individual ferrofluidic droplets | 4.422039 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9980279803276062,
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] | [
0.9990127086639404,
0.0003888831124641001,
0.0004910334246233106,
0.00010742092126747593
] | en | 0.999995 |
In addition to vertical upward floating motion, the light field enables hovering and translational motion of individual droplets in 3D space. We systematically study the influence of light intensity and droplet volume on the vertical movement of droplet. Our findings reveal that a light field intensity exceeding 36 W/c... | 39018413_p5 | 39018413 | Motion control of individual droplets | 4.296978 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9983155727386475,
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] | [
0.9993667006492615,
0.00016445184883195907,
0.00039865588769316673,
0.0000702849865774624
] | en | 0.999997 |
When both the magnetic field and the light field are simultaneously applied, the droplet’s mode can be adjusted during 3D motion. As depicted in Fig. 3C , under a vertical static magnetic field (with a magnetic field strength B of 9 mT and an angle α of 90° between the magnetic field and the horizontal plane), the ferr... | 39018413_p6 | 39018413 | Motion control of individual droplets | 4.15533 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9965918064117432,
0.0005057809758000076,
0.002902430249378085
] | [
0.9993346333503723,
0.00035183117142878473,
0.0002588287170510739,
0.000054588621424045414
] | en | 0.999995 |
Furthermore, by decreasing the light intensity and directing it onto one side of the droplet, we can induce controlled 2D motion of the droplet. This reduction in light intensity prevents the expansion of bubbles inside the droplet from generating enough force to counteract gravity, inhibiting upward floating motion. S... | 39018413_p7 | 39018413 | Motion control of individual droplets | 4.194384 | biomedical | Study | [
0.998606264591217,
0.00036595240817405283,
0.0010277999099344015
] | [
0.9994082450866699,
0.00025561993243172765,
0.0002833116159308702,
0.00005281086123432033
] | en | 0.999997 |
We further investigate the behavior of splitting and assembling of the droplets. The motion of an incompressible, immiscible ferrofluid droplet in an incompressible, immiscible medium under the effect of a uniform magnetic field is governed by the following continuity and momentum equations ( 31 , 52 – 54 ): ∇ · u = 0 ... | 39018413_p8 | 39018413 | Fission and assembly mechanism of droplet collectives | 4.174358 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9983816146850586,
0.00031932975980453193,
0.0012990254908800125
] | [
0.9996095299720764,
0.0001123207330238074,
0.00023938619415275753,
0.000038832447899039835
] | en | 0.999997 |
The split sub-droplets can be assembled into collective structures with different modes under different magnetic fields settings. The assembly behavior of droplets is mainly dominated by magnetic and fluid forces, which can be expressed as follows ( 31 ): ∑ α = 1 , β ≠ α N { F α , β m + F α , β t + F α , β r } + F n = ... | 39018413_p9 | 39018413 | Fission and assembly mechanism of droplet collectives | 4.222086 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9970979690551758,
0.00042113036033697426,
0.0024808712769299746
] | [
0.9995860457420349,
0.00016785378102213144,
0.00020181563741061836,
0.00004422204438014887
] | en | 0.999998 |
Droplets exhibit the ability to split and subsequently self-assemble under a predefined magnetic field into collective formations, manifesting in various modes such as chains, layer-by-layer assemblies, and columns. However, these droplet collectives typically rely on the substrate for assembly and movement under a sep... | 39018413_p10 | 39018413 | Manipulation of droplet collectives | 4.291494 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9980744123458862,
0.0005200406303629279,
0.0014054515631869435
] | [
0.999160647392273,
0.00020592600048985332,
0.0005536199896596372,
0.00007983219984453171
] | en | 0.999998 |
While droplet robots propelled by a 3D magnetic field face limitations in selectively driving multiple droplet robots within the same space due to the global nature of the magnetic field itself, as previously discussed ( 46 , 47 ), the proposed bimodal actuation strategy overcomes this challenge. Illustrated in Fig. 6A... | 39018413_p11 | 39018413 | Potential application demonstration of the droplet | 4.17449 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9963900446891785,
0.0005464332061819732,
0.0030635688453912735
] | [
0.9992642998695374,
0.000382215395802632,
0.0002982534933835268,
0.000055182397773023695
] | en | 0.999997 |
In addition to functioning autonomously and accomplishing various tasks as a liquid robot, droplets can also serve as actuators when combined with other components to assemble a soft robot. Leveraging the remarkable photothermal conversion ability of ferrofluid droplets, they can generate thermobuoyant flow under a lig... | 39018413_p12 | 39018413 | Potential application demonstration of the droplet | 4.201096 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9926565289497375,
0.0005918613751418889,
0.006751579698175192
] | [
0.9984868764877319,
0.0006261992384679615,
0.000810494995675981,
0.00007646411540918052
] | en | 0.999995 |
In this study, we introduce a dual-modal driving strategy that synergistically integrates magnetic and optical fields to enable precise 3D motion and manipulation of individual ferrofluidic droplets as well as groups of droplets. These droplets, composed of an oil phase and iron tetraoxide, exhibit exceptional magnetic... | 39018413_p13 | 39018413 | DISCUSSION | 4.288289 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9990436434745789,
0.0004802397161256522,
0.00047616998199373484
] | [
0.9980691075325012,
0.0003731252800207585,
0.0014431176241487265,
0.00011464512499514967
] | en | 0.999997 |
A notable challenge in magnetic control is the selective control of multiple untethered robots. Different from traditional robots, it is difficult to equip miniature soft robots with actuators and onboard sensors for motion and control. Therefore, independent control of multiple miniature robots is challenging as all m... | 39018413_p14 | 39018413 | DISCUSSION | 4.17437 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9890822172164917,
0.0005066358135081828,
0.010411184281110764
] | [
0.9989420771598816,
0.000556176295503974,
0.00045116193359717727,
0.00005056235022493638
] | en | 0.999995 |
The droplet manipulation methods proposed in this article have several limitations. First, the application of droplet 3D manipulation may be limited because of the limited penetration depth of the light field. Using a catheter to introduce the light source into deeper opaque regions is a viable strategy to extend optic... | 39018413_p15 | 39018413 | DISCUSSION | 4.023441 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9994423985481262,
0.00017693293921183795,
0.0003807125613093376
] | [
0.9899078607559204,
0.0011626509949564934,
0.008837579749524593,
0.00009181800851365551
] | en | 0.999996 |
The fabrication process of oleic acid–coated Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles involved several steps. Initially, solutions of FeCl 3 (1.2 g/ml) and FeCl 2 (1.3 g/ml) were prepared, mixed in a beaker, and mechanically stirred for 20 min. The solution was then heated in an 80°C water bath. Concentrated ammonia was subsequently add... | 39018413_p16 | 39018413 | Preparation of the ferrofluids and the hydrogel-ferrofluid composites | 4.19439 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9989534616470337,
0.0003333466884214431,
0.000713221961632371
] | [
0.9984110593795776,
0.0011617550626397133,
0.0003483638574834913,
0.00007879859185777605
] | en | 0.999996 |
To build the jellyfish-like robots, hydrogel-ferrofluid composites were fabricated via a mold-casting method . First, molds A and B were prepared with 3D-printed polylactide material. A hydrogel precursor comprising acrylamide, N , N ′-methylenebisacrylamide, ammonium persulfate, N , N , N ′, N ′-tetramethylethane-1,2-... | 39018413_p17 | 39018413 | Preparation of the ferrofluids and the hydrogel-ferrofluid composites | 4.101452 | biomedical | Study | [
0.990070641040802,
0.0003054096596315503,
0.009623963385820389
] | [
0.9973523616790771,
0.0023485126439481974,
0.00024503751774318516,
0.000054113977967062965
] | en | 0.999997 |
A setup comprising three orthogonal pairs of custom-made electromagnets was used, with an internal chamber size of 50 mm by 50 mm by 50 mm. Software-controlled signals dictated the input currents driving the electromagnets through a custom electronic board, enabling adjustable magnetic field intensities ranging from of... | 39018413_p18 | 39018413 | Setup for experiments | 4.10117 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9982268214225769,
0.00025334995007142425,
0.0015198758337646723
] | [
0.999390721321106,
0.0004411133413668722,
0.00012436349061317742,
0.000043744999857153744
] | en | 0.999998 |
The temperature of the ferrofluid droplet under varying light field intensities was measured using an infrared camera (ETS320, Teledyne FLIR). To ensure accurate positioning, the ferrofluid droplet was visually centered in the tank at the desired height, with permanent magnets placed beneath the tank to stabilize the d... | 39018413_p19 | 39018413 | Thermal characterization of the ferrofluid droplets | 4.104456 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9976291060447693,
0.0003196628822479397,
0.0020512298215180635
] | [
0.9994971752166748,
0.0003216492768842727,
0.00014418612408917397,
0.00003695519990287721
] | en | 0.999999 |
Figure S29 illustrates a schematic representation of a ferrofluid droplet suspended in another fluid medium experiencing an oscillating magnetic field, B v ( 7 ). In this scenario, the magnetic susceptibility of the ferrofluid droplet was assumed to be 2.65 (χ d ), while it was considered zero (χ c ) for the suspending... | 39018413_p20 | 39018413 | Simulation of droplet splitting | 4.179047 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9983370304107666,
0.00025499481125734746,
0.0014078854583203793
] | [
0.9992992877960205,
0.00040646991692483425,
0.0002452703774906695,
0.000048895130021264777
] | en | 0.999997 |
A two-phase laminar flow model using the level set method, combined with transient simulation and phase initialization, was used to simulate the flow domain and track the deformable interface of the droplet. The level set function, denoted as Φ, is assigned values of 1 and 0 for the droplet phase and continuous phase, ... | 39018413_p21 | 39018413 | Simulation of droplet splitting | 4.221235 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9992358684539795,
0.0003081590111833066,
0.0004559870867524296
] | [
0.9992019534111023,
0.0002489218895789236,
0.000487398385303095,
0.00006170351116452366
] | en | 0.999997 |
A two-phase laminar flow model using the level set method, combined with transient simulation and phase initialization, was used to simulate the flow domain. A Marangoni effect module was applied to the boundary of two phases to couple the flow field with heat transfer, where the surface tension coefficient was set as ... | 39018413_p22 | 39018413 | Simulation of droplet floating due to light irradiation | 4.146373 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9986093044281006,
0.00025283696595579386,
0.0011378016788512468
] | [
0.9991275668144226,
0.0005187008064240217,
0.0002998238487634808,
0.00005391558806877583
] | en | 0.999996 |
On the basis of Eq. 6 , we conducted simulations to investigate the motion behavior of colloidal particles. Our custom interface programmed with MATLAB software was used to study the assembling process of droplet collectives under the influence of an oscillating magnetic field. In our simulations, the droplet diameter ... | 39018413_p23 | 39018413 | Simulation of droplet assembling | 4.089664 | biomedical | Study | [
0.997882068157196,
0.00025966682005673647,
0.0018581829499453306
] | [
0.9995840191841125,
0.00022849671950098127,
0.0001511888112872839,
0.00003625781027949415
] | en | 0.999998 |
Rice aroma is generated by the interaction between volatiles in rice and olfactory receptors. It's one of the vital attributes that influenced the popularity of rice, and affected consumer preference to a certain extent . Therefore, aromatic rice with good appearance, texture and fragrance is more popular with consumer... | 39021608_p0 | 39021608 | introduction | 1.379588 | other | Other | [
0.07922185212373734,
0.0012575889704748988,
0.9195204973220825
] | [
0.0032989545725286007,
0.9955536723136902,
0.0008609248325228691,
0.00028644950361922383
] | en | 0.999996 |
Currently, more than 500 volatile compounds have been detected in aromatic and non-aromatic rice, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, esters and heterocyclics and other compounds. Although many volatiles had been identified, only a few of them were considered to have important contributions to rice aroma .... | 39021608_p1 | 39021608 | introduction | 3.103597 | biomedical | Study | [
0.5646368265151978,
0.000628945417702198,
0.4347342848777771
] | [
0.9359738826751709,
0.04746367409825325,
0.016188016161322594,
0.00037446574424393475
] | en | 0.999996 |
Heptanal, octanal, trans -2-decenal, 1-heptanol, trans -2-decen-1-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-3-dodecanol, 3-octene-2-one, and 2-AP were considered as biomarkers for distinguishing Wuchang rice from other rice . Zhao et al. considered 22 volatile compounds (including benzaldehyde, 2-pentylfuran, trans -2-nonenal, 3-octen-2-on... | 39021608_p2 | 39021608 | introduction | 3.845025 | biomedical | Study | [
0.8452969193458557,
0.0005292413989081979,
0.15417392551898956
] | [
0.938254714012146,
0.007495007012039423,
0.054064925760030746,
0.00018526504572946578
] | en | 0.999998 |
Meanwhile, the aroma system of rice is very complex and not all volatile compounds have positive effects on rice aroma. Some compounds such as α -pyrrolidone, pyridine, guaiacol, indole and p -xylene were reported to possess fruity and floral odors and be beneficial to rice aroma, but lipid oxidation products such as h... | 39021608_p3 | 39021608 | introduction | 1.882675 | other | Other | [
0.16817258298397064,
0.0007273957598954439,
0.8310999870300293
] | [
0.12316972017288208,
0.8635034561157227,
0.012659844011068344,
0.0006669103167951107
] | en | 0.999998 |
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was widely used for qualitive and quantitative volatile compounds in rice. Since GC-MS can't directly explain the aroma of volatile compounds, it is often used in combination with gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and odor activity value (OAV) to evaluate the importance... | 39021608_p4 | 39021608 | introduction | 3.98073 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9652580618858337,
0.00022881223412696272,
0.03451306000351906
] | [
0.9872170090675354,
0.005950549617409706,
0.006744219455868006,
0.00008828517457004637
] | en | 0.999998 |
In this paper, multiple analysis techniques including GC-MS, GC-O, OAV analysis and sensory analysis were applied to analyze the characteristic volatiles in rice and their influence on cooked rice aroma. The volatiles in rice were first analyzed and quantified by using GC-MS. Then, GC-O analysis, correlation analysis b... | 39021608_p5 | 39021608 | introduction | 4.022598 | biomedical | Study | [
0.8903645873069763,
0.0007487970869988203,
0.10888659954071045
] | [
0.9990190267562866,
0.0004276011895854026,
0.0005012063193134964,
0.00005214989869273268
] | en | 0.999998 |
Thirty-one rice varieties (Suyunuo, Daohuaxiang, Meixiangzhan, Yuzhenxiang, Della, Basmati 370, Xiangjingnuo, XiangjingR109, Suxiangjing1hao, Xiangjing 111, Baimaoxiangnuo, Kajinuo, Zhongxiang1hao, Wuxiangjing 14, Dahuaxiangnuo, Yixiang B, Luxiang 90, Songxiang 06–317, Longxiang 04, Wuyou A, Chuanxiang 29B, Longfeng 06... | 39021608_p6 | 39021608 | samples and chemicals | 2.920295 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9039230942726135,
0.0007693717489019036,
0.09530748426914215
] | [
0.990297257900238,
0.009271424263715744,
0.0003000929136760533,
0.00013123685494065285
] | en | 0.999998 |
2-Methyl-3-heptanedone used as internal standards, 2-pentylfuran, octanal, trans -2-octenal, 1-octen-3-ol, decanal and trans -2-nonenal were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Shanghai, China). Hexanal, isopropanol and trans , trans -2.4-decadienal were obtained from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai... | 39021608_p7 | 39021608 | samples and chemicals | 1.40211 | biomedical | Other | [
0.9866275191307068,
0.001430857926607132,
0.01194152981042862
] | [
0.2532837390899658,
0.7418381571769714,
0.0021936639677733183,
0.0026844521053135395
] | en | 0.999996 |
The rice sample was cooked according the method in Chinese Agricultural Industry Standard NY/T 3837-2021 with some modifications. Briefly, 30g of milled rice was weighed into an aluminum box and washed with deionized water for twice. After adding appropriate deionized water (30 g for glutinous rice, 37.5 g for non-glut... | 39021608_p8 | 39021608 | preparation of cooked rice | 2.537601 | biomedical | Other | [
0.8066222071647644,
0.0007687961915507913,
0.1926090121269226
] | [
0.45035168528556824,
0.5479931831359863,
0.001130395452491939,
0.0005247693043202162
] | en | 0.999998 |
After 5g of cooked rice and 10 μL of 1 μg/mL 2-methyl-3-heptanone were added into a 40 mL brown extraction vial, the vial was sealed. The solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber ((DVB/CAR/PDMS, 50/30 μm, 1 cm), Anpel, Shanghai, China) was exposed to the headspace of the vial at a temperature of 80 °C for 30 min. Then,... | 39021608_p9 | 39021608 | gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis | 4.141548 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9993923902511597,
0.00024953720276243985,
0.00035795485018752515
] | [
0.9989784955978394,
0.0007170990575104952,
0.00024298625066876411,
0.00006154679431347176
] | en | 0.999997 |
The volatiles were identified first by comparing the mass spectra with those in the NIST 14 spectral database and self-established rice volatile compounds database, and then by comparing the Kovates’ retention indices (RIs) calculated from the retention times of a series of n-alkanes (C6–C24) (Equation 1) with referenc... | 39021608_p10 | 39021608 | gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis | 4.16136 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9990769624710083,
0.000211722930544056,
0.0007112589664757252
] | [
0.9994606375694275,
0.0002533383958507329,
0.0002490226470399648,
0.000036993762478232384
] | en | 0.999997 |
An olfactory detector was coupled to GC for the identification of odor-active compounds. The extraction procedure and instrument conditions for GC were basically the same as those described in section 2.3 , except that the split mode was set to 2.5:1. Sensory panelists sniffed and recorded the odor characteristics, int... | 39021608_p11 | 39021608 | gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis | 3.92133 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9986816048622131,
0.00022902378987055272,
0.0010893314611166716
] | [
0.9987555742263794,
0.0009041946614161134,
0.0002755977329798043,
0.0000646257249172777
] | en | 0.999997 |
The sensory analysis was carried out in the sensory laboratory of Rice Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Twelve sensory panelists (5 males and 7 females) were selected from the sensory laboratory of Rice Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Centre, Minis... | 39021608_p12 | 39021608 | sensory analysis | 1.850185 | other | Study | [
0.18102651834487915,
0.0009264476248063147,
0.818047046661377
] | [
0.9086945056915283,
0.08999774605035782,
0.000789858284406364,
0.0005177932907827199
] | en | 0.999998 |
Each panelist was authorized to conduct sensory analysis, had at least three years of sensory experience and had participated in sensory evaluation tests for rice flavor and eating quality. All samples used in the sensory analysis were non-toxic and no side effects on the body. And the sensory panelists in this study g... | 39021608_p13 | 39021608 | sensory analysis | 1.891874 | biomedical | Study | [
0.7904648780822754,
0.0018446841277182102,
0.20769047737121582
] | [
0.8073827028274536,
0.1910969763994217,
0.0007924169185571373,
0.0007279268465936184
] | en | 0.999998 |
The sensory score evaluation of cooked rice was performed according to NY/T 596–2002 (Chinese Agricultural Industry Standard). The rice sample was first cooked as mentioned in section 2.2 and then scored by five sensory panelists with respect to the intensity of rice popcorn aroma. Very strong: 9–10 points; strong: 7–8... | 39021608_p14 | 39021608 | sensory score evaluation | 1.506278 | other | Other | [
0.04506263509392738,
0.000499449553899467,
0.9544379115104675
] | [
0.17354412376880646,
0.8242303133010864,
0.0014644264010712504,
0.0007612247718498111
] | en | 0.999997 |
The sensory ranking was performed with reference to GB/T 12318-2008 (Chinese National Standard). In order to simulate the aroma of volatiles in rice, five volatile solutions (10 μL, in isopropanol solution) with five concentrations were added to aluminum boxes, respectively. The simulated contents covered the contents ... | 39021608_p15 | 39021608 | sensory ranking | 4.056455 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9348225593566895,
0.00046777023817412555,
0.06470955163240433
] | [
0.9980291724205017,
0.001606407342478633,
0.00031981730717234313,
0.000044657317630480975
] | en | 0.999997 |
To assess whether there were significant differences between samples, F test was determined according to Equation 4. There were significant differences among samples ( p ≤ 0.05) if F test > F (9.11); otherwise, there were no significant differences. In order to explore which samples were significantly different from ot... | 39021608_p16 | 39021608 | sensory ranking | 4.036077 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9894090890884399,
0.0002290366101078689,
0.010361879132688046
] | [
0.9970530271530151,
0.002656165510416031,
0.00024911860236898065,
0.00004171925684204325
] | en | 0.999997 |
Triangle test was carried out according to ISO 4120-2021. During the test, panelists was given a set of three cooked rice samples and informed that two of the samples were the same and the other was different. The set of rice samples contained the same cooked rice and a standard solution of one volatile had been added ... | 39021608_p17 | 39021608 | triangle test | 2.955518 | biomedical | Study | [
0.6858487725257874,
0.0007964831893332303,
0.3133547902107239
] | [
0.9828807711601257,
0.016525791957974434,
0.00045315962051972747,
0.00014029027079232037
] | en | 0.999997 |
Eighty-five volatile compounds were detected by GC-MS in rice samples ( Table 1 ), including 2-AP, acids (3), alcohols (11), aldehydes (17), alkanes (4), aromatics (12), esters (7), furans (5), ketones (16) and others (9). Among the volatiles, only 4 volatiles were detected in all rice samples, namely hexanal, 2-pentyl... | 39021608_p18 | 39021608 | characteristic volatile compounds in rice | 4.232025 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9859199523925781,
0.000545752584002912,
0.013534419238567352
] | [
0.9993371367454529,
0.00024544907500967383,
0.00037625309778377414,
0.00004113735485589132
] | en | 0.999996 |
GC-O was used for the analysis of odor characteristic compounds. It could effectively explore active-odor compounds from varieties of volatiles. Nine rice samples were analyzed by GC-O, including 3 glutinous rice (Suyunuo; Xiangjingnuo; kajinuo), 3 japonica rice (Suxiangjing1hao; XiangjingR109; Koshihikari) and 3 indic... | 39021608_p19 | 39021608 | characteristic volatile compounds in rice | 3.297448 | biomedical | Study | [
0.8780394196510315,
0.0005857384530827403,
0.12137477844953537
] | [
0.9961142539978027,
0.003610863583162427,
0.00019301651627756655,
0.00008194069960154593
] | en | 0.999997 |
The odors of hexanal, octanal, trans -2-nonenal, decanal and trans , trans -2,4-decadienal were described as grassy and fatty, citrus, fatty and soap, citrus, fatty, respectively. Hexanal was only detected in glutinous rice, with odor intensity of 2.25–2.75 and detection frequency of 4 times. As it was an oxidation pro... | 39021608_p20 | 39021608 | characteristic volatile compounds in rice | 4.076746 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9430825710296631,
0.0006198585033416748,
0.056297559291124344
] | [
0.9989690780639648,
0.000623105326667428,
0.0003601544303819537,
0.00004772802640218288
] | en | 0.999996 |
The rice aroma was produced by comprehensive result of volatiles. The correlations between volatile content and the sensory score were investigated . As seen from Fig. 3 , hexanal (Comp1) had a negative correlation with sensory score (r = -0.58) and positive correlations with trans-2-heptenal (Comp4, r = 0.83), trans-2... | 39021608_p21 | 39021608 | characteristic volatile compounds in rice | 3.387391 | biomedical | Study | [
0.510308563709259,
0.0008355258614756167,
0.48885586857795715
] | [
0.9975903034210205,
0.001960089197382331,
0.00037420407170429826,
0.0000753677959437482
] | en | 0.999998 |
Octanal (Comp3) was considered as an early oxidation marker and increased during storage . It had positive correlations with decanal (Comp8, r = 0.56) and trans-2-nonenal (Comp10, r = 0.75). They had low correlations with sensory score (octanal, r = −0.16; decanal, r = 0.19, trans-2-nonenal, r = 0.07). Nevertheless, GC... | 39021608_p22 | 39021608 | characteristic volatile compounds in rice | 4.174232 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9936789870262146,
0.00036973203532397747,
0.005951322615146637
] | [
0.9994919300079346,
0.0001994317426579073,
0.00027377158403396606,
0.000034832253732020035
] | en | 0.999997 |
1-Octen-3-ol was a degradation product of linoleic acid, and was an odor-active alcohol with a mushroom flavor. It was considered as a source of unpleasant odor in rice bran and increased with time during storage . It was positively correlated with hexanal (r = 0.94), trans-2-octenal (r = 0.95), and 2-pentylfuran (r = ... | 39021608_p23 | 39021608 | characteristic volatile compounds in rice | 4.133455 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9711625576019287,
0.00029908091528341174,
0.02853839285671711
] | [
0.9986516833305359,
0.0006599919288419187,
0.000650144531391561,
0.000038193738873815164
] | en | 0.999997 |
OAV analysis is an important method to evaluate the contribution of volatiles to food aroma. It was implemented by evaluating the ratio of volatile content to odor threshold. In this paper, the relative contents of volatiles were obtained, and the relative OAVs were calculated ( Table 1 ). Fourteen volatiles in rice we... | 39021608_p24 | 39021608 | characteristic volatile compounds in rice | 4.130612 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9837928414344788,
0.0004967866116203368,
0.01571033149957657
] | [
0.9993559718132019,
0.00022856489522382617,
0.0003775104705709964,
0.000037889618397457525
] | en | 0.999996 |
Combined the results of correlation analysis, OAV analysis and GC-O analysis, hexanal, 2-pentylfuran, octanal, 2-AP, 1-octen-3-ol, trans-2-octenal, decanal, trans-2-nonenal and trans, trans-2,4-decadienal were screened preliminarily as the potential characteristic volatiles. To further confirm the result, the absolutel... | 39021608_p25 | 39021608 | characteristic volatile compounds in rice | 4.054597 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9860721230506897,
0.0003301811229903251,
0.013597674667835236
] | [
0.9993689656257629,
0.00032175405067391694,
0.0002741765638347715,
0.00003516136348480359
] | en | 0.999997 |
The odor of volatiles often varied with contents . In order to elucidate the odor perception of characteristic volatiles and to explore the changes in volatile aroma caused by different contents, sensory ranking of odor intensity and preference level was performed at different contents. The range of volatile content in... | 39021608_p26 | 39021608 | The effect of characteristic volatiles on the aroma of rice | 4.179753 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9895638823509216,
0.00046446159831248224,
0.009971743449568748
] | [
0.9994630217552185,
0.000204241689061746,
0.000298833881970495,
0.000033986209018621594
] | en | 0.999998 |
Moreover, the result of sensory ranking suggested that significant differences in preference level were found among the test contents for hexanal, 2-AP, 1-octen-3-ol, trans-2-nonenal and trans, trans-2,4-decadienal ( Table 2 ). However, no significant difference in preference level was observed for trans-2-nonenal and ... | 39021608_p27 | 39021608 | The effect of characteristic volatiles on the aroma of rice | 3.8754 | biomedical | Study | [
0.8538986444473267,
0.0008269526879303157,
0.14527444541454315
] | [
0.9989847540855408,
0.000686892366502434,
0.0002810595906339586,
0.00004729493230115622
] | en | 0.999997 |
The perception of volatiles in rice matrix might be different from that without matrix, as the rice matrix was quite complex. To verify the influence of the characteristic volatile on rice aroma, each characteristic volatile was added to cooked rice samples, and consequently, triangle test was carried out. Triangle tes... | 39021608_p28 | 39021608 | The effect of characteristic volatiles on the aroma of rice | 3.817978 | biomedical | Study | [
0.7211777567863464,
0.0008124809828586876,
0.27800965309143066
] | [
0.9981155395507812,
0.0013869935646653175,
0.0004369457601569593,
0.000060584614402614534
] | en | 0.999998 |
Sensory ranking analysis showed that there were significant differences in the odor intensity of hexanal, 2-AP, octanal, and 1-octen-3-ol in the content range of rice samples. Moreover, significant differences in the preference level were observed for hexanal, 2-AP and 1-octen-3-ol, indicating significant influence of ... | 39021608_p29 | 39021608 | The effect of characteristic volatiles on the aroma of rice | 4.1077 | biomedical | Study | [
0.7949581742286682,
0.000900340499356389,
0.20414142310619354
] | [
0.9975500702857971,
0.0012320929672569036,
0.001151958596892655,
0.00006594069418497384
] | en | 0.999998 |
In this study, 85 volatile compounds were found in rice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Correlation analysis revealed that the volatiles negatively correlated with sensory score were positively correlated (r ≥ 0.35) with hexanal, indicating that hexanal could represent compounds negatively correlated ... | 39021608_p30 | 39021608 | conclusion | 4.182837 | biomedical | Study | [
0.964020311832428,
0.0007860607584007084,
0.03519364446401596
] | [
0.9987863898277283,
0.0003384103474672884,
0.0008221744792535901,
0.00005311023414833471
] | en | 0.999996 |
Shuimei Li: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Validation, Data curation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Hongyan Li: Investigation, Visualization, Validation. Lin Lu: Methodology, Validation, Resources. Gaoneng Shao: Resources, Methodology. Zhenling Guo: Investigation, Validation. Yunta... | 39021608_p31 | 39021608 | CRediT authorship contribution statement | 0.976689 | other | Other | [
0.1960066556930542,
0.0043163904920220375,
0.7996769547462463
] | [
0.00487554119899869,
0.994245707988739,
0.0003905533521901816,
0.0004881933855358511
] | en | 0.999996 |
All the authors of this paper have approved the manuscript that is enclosed and no conflict of interest exists in the submission of this manuscript, and the contents of this manuscript have not copyrighted or published previously and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. | 39021608_p32 | 39021608 | Declaration of competing interest | 0.986243 | other | Other | [
0.004293445497751236,
0.0009761265246197581,
0.9947303533554077
] | [
0.0009085424244403839,
0.9977911710739136,
0.0007147681317292154,
0.000585566449444741
] | en | 0.999996 |
Sixty patients with pterygium participated in the study. The pterygia patients were divided into primary and recurrent groups, and we collected conjunctival samples from 30 patients to use as a control group. Tan et al . graded pterygium according to tissue transparency and classified it into three types by using the v... | 38648458_p0 | 38648458 | Methods | 3.840228 | biomedical | Study | [
0.9989668130874634,
0.0007624074351042509,
0.00027076166588813066
] | [
0.9991458654403687,
0.0005172471283003688,
0.00021308725990820676,
0.00012381757551338524
] | en | 0.999996 |
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