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| SSUUMMMMAARRYY OOFF LLEESSSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS | |
| Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, _N. | |
| Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if _N is given. | |
| A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K. | |
| h H Display this help. | |
| q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit. | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| MMOOVVIINNGG | |
| e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or _N lines). | |
| y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or _N lines). | |
| f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or _N lines). | |
| b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or _N lines). | |
| z * Forward one window (and set window to _N). | |
| w * Backward one window (and set window to _N). | |
| ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file. | |
| d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). | |
| u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to _N). | |
| ESC-) RightArrow * Right one half screen width (or _N positions). | |
| ESC-( LeftArrow * Left one half screen width (or _N positions). | |
| ESC-} ^RightArrow Right to last column displayed. | |
| ESC-{ ^LeftArrow Left to first column. | |
| F Forward forever; like "tail -f". | |
| ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found. | |
| r ^R ^L Repaint screen. | |
| R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input. | |
| --------------------------------------------------- | |
| Default "window" is the screen height. | |
| Default "half-window" is half of the screen height. | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| SSEEAARRCCHHIINNGG | |
| /_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search forward for (_N-th) matching line. | |
| ?_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Search backward for (_N-th) matching line. | |
| n * Repeat previous search (for _N-th occurrence). | |
| N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction. | |
| ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files. | |
| ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files. | |
| ^O^N ^On * Search forward for (_N-th) OSC8 hyperlink. | |
| ^O^P ^Op * Search backward for (_N-th) OSC8 hyperlink. | |
| ^O^L ^Ol Jump to the currently selected OSC8 hyperlink. | |
| ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting. | |
| ESC-U Clear search highlighting. | |
| &_p_a_t_t_e_r_n * Display only matching lines. | |
| --------------------------------------------------- | |
| A search pattern may begin with one or more of: | |
| ^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines. | |
| ^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE). | |
| ^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?). | |
| ^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position). | |
| ^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS. | |
| ^S _n Search for match in _n-th parenthesized subpattern. | |
| ^W WRAP search if no match found. | |
| ^L Enter next character literally into pattern. | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| JJUUMMPPIINNGG | |
| g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line _N). | |
| G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line _N). | |
| p % * Go to beginning of file (or _N percent into file). | |
| t * Go to the (_N-th) next tag. | |
| T * Go to the (_N-th) previous tag. | |
| { ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ]. | |
| } ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [. | |
| ESC-^F _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find close bracket _<_c_2_>. | |
| ESC-^B _<_c_1_> _<_c_2_> * Find open bracket _<_c_1_>. | |
| --------------------------------------------------- | |
| Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket | |
| matching the (_N-th) open bracket in the top line. | |
| Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket | |
| matching the (_N-th) close bracket in the bottom line. | |
| m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current top line with <letter>. | |
| M_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Mark the current bottom line with <letter>. | |
| '_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Go to a previously marked position. | |
| '' Go to the previous position. | |
| ^X^X Same as '. | |
| ESC-m_<_l_e_t_t_e_r_> Clear a mark. | |
| --------------------------------------------------- | |
| A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter. | |
| Certain marks are predefined: | |
| ^ means beginning of the file | |
| $ means end of the file | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| CCHHAANNGGIINNGG FFIILLEESS | |
| :e [_f_i_l_e] Examine a new file. | |
| ^X^V Same as :e. | |
| :n * Examine the (_N-th) next file from the command line. | |
| :p * Examine the (_N-th) previous file from the command line. | |
| :x * Examine the first (or _N-th) file from the command line. | |
| ^O^O Open the currently selected OSC8 hyperlink. | |
| :d Delete the current file from the command line list. | |
| = ^G :f Print current file name. | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| MMIISSCCEELLLLAANNEEOOUUSS CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS | |
| -_<_f_l_a_g_> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below]. | |
| --_<_n_a_m_e_> Toggle a command line option, by name. | |
| __<_f_l_a_g_> Display the setting of a command line option. | |
| ___<_n_a_m_e_> Display the setting of an option, by name. | |
| +_c_m_d Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined. | |
| !_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command with $SHELL. | |
| #_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Execute the shell command, expanded like a prompt. | |
| |XX_c_o_m_m_a_n_d Pipe file between current pos & mark XX to shell command. | |
| s _f_i_l_e Save input to a file. | |
| v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR. | |
| V Print version number of "less". | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| OOPPTTIIOONNSS | |
| Most options may be changed either on the command line, | |
| or from within less by using the - or -- command. | |
| Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single | |
| character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --. | |
| -? ........ --help | |
| Display help (from command line). | |
| -a ........ --search-skip-screen | |
| Search skips current screen. | |
| -A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN | |
| Search starts just after target line. | |
| -b [_N] .... --buffers=[_N] | |
| Number of buffers. | |
| -B ........ --auto-buffers | |
| Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes. | |
| -c ........ --clear-screen | |
| Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling. | |
| -d ........ --dumb | |
| Dumb terminal. | |
| -D xx_c_o_l_o_r . --color=xx_c_o_l_o_r | |
| Set screen colors. | |
| -e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF | |
| Quit at end of file. | |
| -f ........ --force | |
| Force open non-regular files. | |
| -F ........ --quit-if-one-screen | |
| Quit if entire file fits on first screen. | |
| -g ........ --hilite-search | |
| Highlight only last match for searches. | |
| -G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH | |
| Don't highlight any matches for searches. | |
| -h [_N] .... --max-back-scroll=[_N] | |
| Backward scroll limit. | |
| -i ........ --ignore-case | |
| Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase. | |
| -I ........ --IGNORE-CASE | |
| Ignore case in all searches. | |
| -j [_N] .... --jump-target=[_N] | |
| Screen position of target lines. | |
| -J ........ --status-column | |
| Display a status column at left edge of screen. | |
| -k _f_i_l_e ... --lesskey-file=_f_i_l_e | |
| Use a compiled lesskey file. | |
| -K ........ --quit-on-intr | |
| Exit less in response to ctrl-C. | |
| -L ........ --no-lessopen | |
| Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable. | |
| -m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT | |
| Set prompt style. | |
| -n ......... --line-numbers | |
| Suppress line numbers in prompts and messages. | |
| -N ......... --LINE-NUMBERS | |
| Display line number at start of each line. | |
| -o [_f_i_l_e] .. --log-file=[_f_i_l_e] | |
| Copy to log file (standard input only). | |
| -O [_f_i_l_e] .. --LOG-FILE=[_f_i_l_e] | |
| Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite). | |
| -p _p_a_t_t_e_r_n . --pattern=[_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] | |
| Start at pattern (from command line). | |
| -P [_p_r_o_m_p_t] --prompt=[_p_r_o_m_p_t] | |
| Define new prompt. | |
| -q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT | |
| Quiet the terminal bell. | |
| -r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS | |
| Output "raw" control characters. | |
| -s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines | |
| Squeeze multiple blank lines. | |
| -S ........ --chop-long-lines | |
| Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping. | |
| -t _t_a_g .... --tag=[_t_a_g] | |
| Find a tag. | |
| -T [_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] --tag-file=[_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e] | |
| Use an alternate tags file. | |
| -u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL | |
| Change handling of backspaces, tabs and carriage returns. | |
| -V ........ --version | |
| Display the version number of "less". | |
| -w ........ --hilite-unread | |
| Highlight first new line after forward-screen. | |
| -W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD | |
| Highlight first new line after any forward movement. | |
| -x [_N[,...]] --tabs=[_N[,...]] | |
| Set tab stops. | |
| -X ........ --no-init | |
| Don't use termcap init/deinit strings. | |
| -y [_N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[_N] | |
| Forward scroll limit. | |
| -z [_N] .... --window=[_N] | |
| Set size of window. | |
| -" [_c[_c]] . --quotes=[_c[_c]] | |
| Set shell quote characters. | |
| -~ ........ --tilde | |
| Don't display tildes after end of file. | |
| -# [_N] .... --shift=[_N] | |
| Set horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width). | |
| --exit-follow-on-close | |
| Exit F command on a pipe when writer closes pipe. | |
| --file-size | |
| Automatically determine the size of the input file. | |
| --follow-name | |
| The F command changes files if the input file is renamed. | |
| --header=[_L[,_C[,_N]]] | |
| Use _L lines (starting at line _N) and _C columns as headers. | |
| --incsearch | |
| Search file as each pattern character is typed in. | |
| --intr=[_C] | |
| Use _C instead of ^X to interrupt a read. | |
| --lesskey-context=_t_e_x_t | |
| Use lesskey source file contents. | |
| --lesskey-src=_f_i_l_e | |
| Use a lesskey source file. | |
| --line-num-width=[_N] | |
| Set the width of the -N line number field to _N characters. | |
| --match-shift=[_N] | |
| Show at least _N characters to the left of a search match. | |
| --modelines=[_N] | |
| Read _N lines from the input file and look for vim modelines. | |
| --mouse | |
| Enable mouse input. | |
| --no-keypad | |
| Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings. | |
| --no-histdups | |
| Remove duplicates from command history. | |
| --no-number-headers | |
| Don't give line numbers to header lines. | |
| --no-search-header-lines | |
| Searches do not include header lines. | |
| --no-search-header-columns | |
| Searches do not include header columns. | |
| --no-search-headers | |
| Searches do not include header lines or columns. | |
| --no-vbell | |
| Disable the terminal's visual bell. | |
| --redraw-on-quit | |
| Redraw final screen when quitting. | |
| --rscroll=[_C] | |
| Set the character used to mark truncated lines. | |
| --save-marks | |
| Retain marks across invocations of less. | |
| --search-options=[EFKNRW-] | |
| Set default options for every search. | |
| --show-preproc-errors | |
| Display a message if preprocessor exits with an error status. | |
| --proc-backspace | |
| Process backspaces for bold/underline. | |
| --PROC-BACKSPACE | |
| Treat backspaces as control characters. | |
| --proc-return | |
| Delete carriage returns before newline. | |
| --PROC-RETURN | |
| Treat carriage returns as control characters. | |
| --proc-tab | |
| Expand tabs to spaces. | |
| --PROC-TAB | |
| Treat tabs as control characters. | |
| --status-col-width=[_N] | |
| Set the width of the -J status column to _N characters. | |
| --status-line | |
| Highlight or color the entire line containing a mark. | |
| --use-backslash | |
| Subsequent options use backslash as escape char. | |
| --use-color | |
| Enables colored text. | |
| --wheel-lines=[_N] | |
| Each click of the mouse wheel moves _N lines. | |
| --wordwrap | |
| Wrap lines at spaces. | |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| LLIINNEE EEDDIITTIINNGG | |
| These keys can be used to edit text being entered | |
| on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen. | |
| RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character. | |
| LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character. | |
| ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word. | |
| ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word. | |
| HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line. | |
| END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line. | |
| BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor. | |
| DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor. | |
| ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor. | |
| ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor. | |
| ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line. | |
| UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line. | |
| DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line. | |
| TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle. | |
| SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle. | |
| ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all. | |