Question: Still birth is applied to a fetus born dead with a gestational age of

Ans: d (28 weeks)Ref: Reddy, 29th ed., Pg. 390, k Park 20th ed. Pg. 483Stillbirth is applied to a foetus born dead with a gestational age of 28 weeks.Park says that "WHO has recommended that within any country the term stillbirth be applied to a foetus bom dead and weighing over 500 g - birth weight most frequently associated with a gestation period of 22 weeks. But for international comparison, they suggest a boundary of 1000 g or more, which is more frequently associated with a gestation period of 28 weeks.


Question: Bullet that leaves a visible mark in its flight so that person can see the path is

Tracer bullet: It leaves a visible mark or 'trace' while in flight, so that the path of bullet can be seen . Dum - dum bullet: The nose of the bullet is not covered by jacket & exposed. It expands or mushrooms on striking the target, producing a large hole & more damage. Incendiary bullets: Incendiary bullets contain phosphorus. Type of army bullet used to cause fire in the target. Tandem bullet: Bullets ejected one after the other, when the first bullet having been struck in the barrel fails to leave the barrel and is ejected by a subsequently fired bullet.


Question: Punishment for perjury IPC

Ans. (C). 193Perjury:Perjury means giving willful false evidence by a witness while under oath (S.191, LP.CQ)The witness is liable to be prosecuted for perjury, and the imprisonment may extend to seven years (S. 193, LP.CQ).

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Goose skin or cutis anserina is seen in

Cutis anserina or goose skin: Skin has granular and puckered appearance due to spasm of erection fibers and the muscles attached to hair follicles. It can occur in living in cold weather and in submersion of body in cold water immediately after death, while the muscles are still warm and irritable. Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 192


Question: Cadaveric spasm develops

(Instantaneous with death): (150 31st/edition; 3.18- Parikh's 6th/e)CADAVERIC SPASM or instantaneous rigor or Cataleptic rigidityCharacterized by stiffening of the muscles immediately after death without being preceded by the stage of primary relaxationThe conditions necessary for its development are1. Somatic death must occur with extreme rapidity2. The person must be in a state of great emotional tension3. The muscle must be in physical activity at that timeTraitRigor mortisCadaveric spasm1. ProductionFreezing and exposure to temperature above 65degC will produce rigorCan not be produced by any method after death2. MechanismKnownNot clearly krown3. Predisposing factorsNilSudden death, excitement, fear, exhaustion nervous tension etc4. Time of onset1 to 2 hours after deathInstantaneres5. Muscles involvedAll the muscles of the body both voluntary and involuntaryUsually restricted to a single group of voluntary muscles6. Muscle stiffeningNot marked, moderate force can overcome itMarked very force is require to over come it7. Molecular deathOccursDoes not occurs8. Body heatColdWarm9. Electrical stimuliMuscles do not respondMuscles response10. Muscular reactionAcidicAlkaline11. Medicolegal importanceIndicate time of death*** Indicate mode of death*** Sudden death associated with great emotional tension* Indicates the muscles in the physical activity at the time of death


Question: Period of mixed dentition is

Period of mixed dentition: stas from the eruption of first molar. It is usually 6-11 years and may extend to 12-13 years. Thus, Number of teeth by 2-6 years: 20 temporary Number of teeth at 7 years is 24 teeth: 4 permanent and 20 temporary teeth At the age of 10 years, 16 permanent teeth and 8 temporary teeth. At 11 years, 20 permanent teeth and 4 temporary teeth. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS PAGE NO 80


Question: The purpose of choking of a firearm is to

The primary purpose of choking of a shot gun is to reduce dispersion of the pellets . Other functions:- Increases the explosive forces of the pellets. Increases the velocity of the pellets.


Question: Mc. Naughten&;s Rule is embodied in

Mc Naughten&;s Rule is accepted in India as law of criminal responsibility & embodied in section 84 IPC. Mc Naughten&;s Rule (Legal test, Right or Wrong) Mc Naughten&;s Rule states that an accused person is not legally responsible, if it is clearly proved that at the time of committing the crime, person was suffering from such a defect of reason from abnormality of mind that he didnt know the nature & quality of act he was doing or that what he was wrong: i.e., a person is not responsible if he is not of sound mind. It is accepted in India as law of criminal responsibility & is embodied in section 84 IPC as - "nothing is an offence which is done by a person, who at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundedness of mind is incapable of knowing the nature of act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law. Ref: APC essentials of Forensic Medicine by Anil Aggarwal


Question: Oath is defined under the section

40 IPC : defines Offence 44 IPC: Defines Injury 51 IPC: defines oath 178 C: Punishment for Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it.


Question: 'Brush burns' are synonymous with

Ans. a (Graze abrasion) (Ref. Reddy FMT 23rd ed. 145)ABRASIONS (GRAZES, SCRATCHES, BRUSH BURNS)# Loss/crushing of outer skin layer due to impact with a rough surface- Tangential impact produces a moving abrasion:* Indicates direction.* Trace material (e.g., grit).- Direct impact produces an imprint abrasion:* Pattern of causative object.# All abrasions reflect site of impact (contact bruises).# Assessment of age difficult.# Postmortem abrasion - Brown, leathery.


Question: A doctor is treating a patient N% ith i;mike bite. He should not forget that viper verloril


Question: Burking includes

Burking is a method of homicidal smothering & traumatic asphyxia. Named after Burke & Hare who killed 16 persons. They give the victim alcohol. Then Burke used to kneel or sit on the chest and close the nose & mouth with his hands then Hare used to pull him around the room by the feet. Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg:190


Question: Feature of ruptured skin caused by excessive heat

HEAT RUPTURE HAS IRREGULAR MARGINS WITH NO CONTUSION OR ABRASION Heat rupture/ splits Skin splits occurring due to severe burning/ charring Irregular margins Sites: Fleshy areas, Extensor surfaces & joints. Multiple, Large (several centimeters) Resembles incised or lacerated wounds. Intact nerves, blood vessels in the floor of heat rupture. Bleeding is absent Vital reaction is absent


Question: Forceps inside the abdomen postoperatively amounts to

Res ipsa loquitur (Latin for "the thing speaks for itself"): * Doctrine that infers negligence from the very nature of an accident or injury itself proves the negligent action of the physician in the absence of direct evidence. Res Judicata * Medical negligence case adjudicated by a cou and therefore may not be pursued fuher by the same paies in another cou. Respondent superior * A doctrine that holds an employer legally responsible for the wrongful acts of an employee, if such acts occur within the scope of the employment


Question: Smack otherwise known as

Heroin : Smack, Junk, Brown Sugar, Tar Heroin + cocaine: Speed Ball Amphetamine: Superman's Drug, Speed Crystal MDMA: Ecstasy, Rave Drug, Club Drug, Hug drug MDMA + marijuana:Love boat LSD: Battery Acid, Golden Dragon, Heavenly Blue, Hippie Ketamine; Super K, Purple Drug Morphine: Miss Emma, God's Machine This is known as "Chasing the dragon" method used in heroin.


Question: Delusion of persecution and formication occur together in


Question: In a case of hanging neck ligature marks are example of


Question: Best site of blood sample collection in autopsy is

The hea is contracted and the chambers are empty when death has occurred from anaemia, but chambers contain blood when death occurs due to asthenia. After death, reduction of oxygen causes capillary dialtation which is followed by stasis of blood in the dilated capillaries and venules. This causes impaired venous return.As a result of which there is raised venous pressure resulting in over distension and rupture of capillaries and venules. This causes congestion and petechia haemorrhages.Haemorrhages are found in the substance of viscera. Postmoem, the blood is fluid and dark,because of increased amount of carbon dioxide. The large veins are full of blood. Hence the femoral vein is the best site of sample collection in autopsy, whereas the viscera are fully congested. Postmoem fluidity of the blood is assessed. Ref: K.S.Narayan Reddy's Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 29th edition, Chapter 6, page-76,78.


Question: Faint letter marks can be made visible using

Tattoo marks Tattoo marks are designs made on the skin by multiple punctures with needles dipped in coloring agents. The designs are permanent because the coloring material goes under the epidermis and stain the dermis. Dyes commonly used are indigo, cobalt, carbon, Vermilion, Prussian blue, and Indian ink. The tattoo marks are permanent and persists for many years. After 8 to 10 years it may fade and a faded tattoo can be made visible by ultraviolet lamp or infrared photography. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 101


Question: Death in fresh water occurs within

fatal period death in fresh water takes 4-5 minutes and in sea water it takes 8-12 minutes. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 136


Question: The medullary index of a human hair is

Human hair Animal hair Fine thin Coarse & thick Cuticular scales are sho, not continuous Cuticular scales are large, step like projections Coex thick (4-10 times as broad as medulla) Coex thin Pigment more towards the periphery Pigment more towards the medulla Medulla thin & fragmented, sometimes absent Medulla broad, continuous & always present. Medullary index <0.3 Medullary index > 0.5 Precipitin test specific for human Precipitin test specific for animal


Question: Criminal negligence is punishable for a maximum period of

304A. Causing death by negligence-- Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting toculpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for aterm which may extend to two years, or withfine or with both. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 206


Question: Rule of nine is related to

Rule of nine The body surface involved is traditionally determined by the surgical ' rule of nine'. According to this rule, the percentage of area attributed to the different pas of body surface. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 162


Question: Suspended animation occurs after

Suspended animation -in this condition sign of life are not found but life can be continued on the successful resuscitation Suspended animation occurs in: New born Barbiturates / opioids overdose After anaesthesia Insanity Cerebral concussion Heat stroke Electrocution Cholera Drowning Deep shock


Question: Pupil dilatation is seen in poisoning with

Miosis: Opium, Morphine, Organophosphorus, Barbiturates Mydriasis: Alcohol, Datura, Carbon monoxide, Cocaine Ref: K.S.Narayan Reddy's Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 29th edition, section 2-Toxicology .


Question: Exhumation can be ordered by

Ans. c (District magistrate) (Ref. Parikh FMT 6th ed., p 2.90)EXHUMATION# By exhumation is meant the lawful disinterment or digging out of buried body from the grave.# It is sometimes necessary for -- Identification- Determination of cause of death (foul play suspected)# As the Hindus who form majority cremate their dead bodies within a few hrs, exhumation in India is quite rare.# Only a magistrate or coroner can order it.# In India, there is no time limit for exhumation.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Injury by Lathi

Contusion (Bruises) it is the effusion of blood into tissues, due to rupture of blood vessels and due to blunt violence. Lathi injury is an injury caused by blunt force.
In contusion, there is painful swelling and crushing or tearing of the subcutaneous tissue, usually without destruction of the skin.


Question: Antemoem blister differs from postmoem blister by

The first picture shows postmoem blister, the second one is antemoem blister. The antemoem blister : Has no gas and hyperemia is due to increased permeability of capillaries is prominent. Blisters are found mainly in scalds and heat burns which contains albumin and chlorides. Are mostly produced during burns. Surrounded by an area of hyperemia (Floor is reddened with swelling of papillae) Features of postmoem blisters :- No surroundinghyperemia- Floor is not reddened

Presence of Albumin & Chloride in blister fluid

Dry hard surface of the floor of blister


Question: Multiple pregnancy resulting from Feilization of Two ova discharged from ovary at different periods Of ovulation is best termed as(2018)

SUPERFOETATION : This means the feilisation of a second ovum in a woman who isalready pregnant. Ovulation may occur during first trimester of pregnancy until decidua vera comes into apposition with decidua reflexa and decidual cavity gets obliterated. Feilisation of newly released ovum may occur following coitus. SUPERFECUNDATION : It means the feilisation oftwo ova which have been discharged from the ovary at the same period ,bY two separate acts of coitus committed at sho intervals. Pseudocyesis (spurious or phantom pregnancy) Ref:- k.s.narayan reddy; pg num:- 396,397


Question: Helsinki declaration is related to

Answer: b) Human experimentation (KS NARAYAN REDDY 33rd ED P-647)* Declaration of Geneva: revision of the Hippocrates Oath* Declaration of Tokyo: guidelines for doctors concerning Torture* Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving uman subjects* Declaration of Oslo: therapeutic abortion* Declaration of Syndey: when to pronounce death* Declaration of Malta: hunger strikers.* Declaration of Lisbon: rights of the patient* Declaration of Ottawa: child health

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: The most common structure fractured in ligature strangulation is

Ligature strangulation: Fracture of the thyroid cailage is more common, especially of one or both superior horns. Fracture of thyroid laminae and cricoid cailage is less common and occurs only when considerable force is used, or if some solid object is included in the ligature and applied over the front of the neck. Injury to the hyoid bone is not common, because the level of constriction is usually below the bone. Hyoid bone may be fractured in older persons in 10 to 15% of cases. Trachea is rarely broken.


Question: Feature of Post mortem clots are

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Can be washed away Antemortem vs postmortem woundFeatureAntemortal woundPost Mortem WoundHaemorrhage* Arterial* Blood clotted and the clot is# Laminated# Firmly adherent to the lining of endothelium# Firm, Rubbery and Variegated* Venous* Blood usually not clotted and if clot it is# Non laminated# Weakly adherent to the lining of endothelium# Soft friable chicken fat (yellow) or current jelly (red) appearance# Homogenous* Copious* Deep staining of edges which can't he washed away* Slight* Staining is superficial and can be washed awayWound edgesGapping, Everted, SwollenApposed, not swollenVital reactionSigns of inflammation, infectio (pus, slough) and healing (granulation tissue) presentNot presentEnzyme histo-chemistryNegative and positive vital reactionsVital reaction absentWound serotonin & histamine contentIncreasedNo increaseMicroscopy* Clot has Platelets* Leucocyte & RBC infiltration in between muscle fibres* Clot lacks platelets* No infiltration


Question: Flaying is seen in

Avulsion It is a lacerated wound that is produced by a tangential force at an acute angle( shearing force). A poion of skin with soft tissues is found detached. This type of laceration usually occurs in traffic accidents. This happens when a heavy weight produces a shearing and rotatory force, like a lorry wheel passes over a limb. This is called flaying. ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 121


Question: Viterous humor is preserved in

PRESERVATIVES: (1) Saturated sodium chloride solution, except in poisoning from corrosive aicds, alkalis, corrosive sublimate, and aconite. (2) Rectified spirit, except in cases of suspected poisoning by (a) alcohol, kerosene, (b) chloroform, ether, (c) chloral hydrate, (d) formic acid, (e) formaldehyde, acetic acid, (f) phenol,(g) phosphorus, and (h) paraldehyde, because the organic acids and paraldehyde are soluble in alcohol and the phosphorescence of phosphorus is diminished by alcohol. (3) Ten. mg./ml of sodium or potassium fluoride. (prevents glycolysis, inhibits enzyme enolase and inhibits bacteial growth) and 3 mg. potassium oxalate (anti-coagulant) should be used for preserving blood. Fluoride should also be added to urine, CSF, and vitreous humour if alcohol estimation is required, and also to samples for analysis for cocaine, cyanide and Co. In poisoning by oxalic acid, ethyleneglycol, fluoride and CO, 30 mg. sodium citrate should be added for 10 ml of blood as preservative. One ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid or 100 mg. of thymol or 100 mg. of sodium fluoride can be used for 10 ml urine as a preservative. Toluene is better. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-124


Question: Spanish windlass is practiced in Spain as a method of execution, it is a type of

In Spanish Windlass, an iron collar is tightened by a screw for strangulation. It is an example of garrotting where the victim&;s throat may be grasped or a ligature is thrown over the neck & quickly tightened by twisting it with a lever, which result in sudden loss of consciousness & collapse Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg : 187


Question: Ophitoxemia means

Ophitoxemia Poisoning by snake bite is called ophitoxemia. About 2000 species of snakes are identified all over the world. Among the total number of snakes less than 10% are poisonous. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 509


Question: Cyanide poisoning causes

Anoxia According to Gordon (1944) the stoppage of vital functions depend upon tissue anoxia. Anoxia means "lack of oxygen". It may be: (1) Anoxic anoxia: In this type, oxygen cannot reach the blood, because of lack of oxygen in the lungs. This occurs: (a) from breathing in a contaminated atmosphere, e.g., from exposure to the fumes in wells and tanks, or from exposure to sewer gas, (b) from mechanical interference with the passage of air into or down the respiratory tract, e.g., in smothering, choking, hanging, strangulation, drowning, traumatic asphyxia and ceain forms of acute poisoning. (2) Anaemic anoxia: In this type, oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, e.g., acute massive haemorrhage, poisoning by carbon monoxide, chlorates, nitrates, coaltar derivatives. (3) Stagnant anoxia: In this type, impaired circulation results in a reduction of oxygen delivery to the tissues, e.g., hea failure, embolism and shock. ( 4) Histotoxic anoxia: In this type, the enzymatic processes by which the oxygen in the blood is used by the tissues are blocked, e.g., acute cyanide poisoning. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-137


Question: Anemic hypoxia is seen CMC (Vellore) 14


Question: Average weigth of fetal lung after respiration is

Foder's test The weight of the respired lung will be twice the weight of unrespired lung. This is due to the increased blood flow to the lung. This is not a conclusive evidence of establishment of respiration. Average weight of fetal lung is 30-40gm before establishment of respiration and will become 60-70gm after respiration. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 348


Question: This instrument is based on the principle of

This is based on Henry's law which states that when a volatile chemical (ethanol) is dissolved in a liquid (blood) and is brought to equilibrium with air (alveolar breath), there is a fixed ratio between the concentration of the volatile compound (ethanol) in air (alveolar breath) and its concentration in the liquid (blood), and the ratio is constant at a given temperature. Correlation between the breath and blood level, and the ratio is generally 2100 : 1.


Question: A patient was found to have pink coloured skin and mucosa, bitter almond smell from breath and frothy discharge. Cause of death in this patient;

The above findings are suggestive of Cyanide poisoning Cyanide poisoning - Ideal suicidal poison (most rapid when inhaled) Cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that can exist in various forms. Cyanide can be a colourless gas, such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) or cyanogen chloride (CNCl), or a crystal form such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) or potassium cyanide (KCN). Cyanide is released from natural substances in some foods and in ceain plants such as cassava, linseed plant, lima beans and almonds, apricots, apples, and peaches Cyanide inhibits Cytochrome oxidase leading to histotoxic Anoxia Signs and Symptoms: C.N.S.: Headache, veigo, faintness, perspiration, anxiety, excitement, confusion, drowsiness, prostration, opisthotonus and trismus, cramps, twitching, hypehermia, convulsions, paralysis, stupor, coma, and death. G.I.T.: Bitter, acid, burning taste, constriction or numbness of throat, salivation, nausea, rarely vomiting. R.S.: Odour of bitter almonds in breath. Initially tachypnoea and dyspnoea due to cyanide stimulation of chemoreceptors and the respiratory centre. Later rapid slowing of respiratory rate with severe respiratory depression and cyanosis. Frothy discharge from mouth C.V.S.: Initially hypeension with reflex bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia. Later tachycardia with hypotension and cardiovascular collapse. Skin: Perspiration, bullae. Pink coloured skin and mucosa Eyes: Glassy and prominent, pupils dilated, unreactive. Renal: Acidosis. Death occurs from respiratory failure. Fatal Period: 2 to 10 minutes; sometimes immediate. Potassium or sodium cyanide: half an hour. The patient may survive for several hours due to delayed absorption. Management - Lilly's antidote Vit. B12 Di cobalt EDTA Bright/Brick Red hypostasis is seen after death of patient Bedside test for Cyanide - Lee jones test


Question: Treatment of paracetamol poisoning

AntidotePoisonAcetylcysteine ParacetamolAmyl nitrite CyanideAtropineOrganophosphateDesferrioxamineIronethanolMethanolFlumazenilBenzodiazepinesGlucoseInsulinREF:THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY: K S NARAYANA REDDY; PAGE NO 367


Question: Charas is

Resin exudates of cannabis Indica Ref ; Narayana reddy 33rd ed.


Question: Harakiri, a method of suicide is committed by

Harakiri (seppuku): It is an unusual type of suicidal disembowelment connected with Japanese Samurai warriors. The victim with a sho sword inflicts a single large abdominal stab wound into the left side, drawing the blade across to the right side and then turning it upwards producing an L-shaped cut. The sudden evisceration of the internal organs causes an immediate decrease of intra-abdominal pressure and cardiac return resulting in collapse and death. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku


Question: Pink teeth is seen in

Pink teeth: In putrefied bodies, the teeth are sometimes seen to be pink in color, especially near the gum line as a result of hemolysis of extravasated blood in the dentinal tubules.


Question: Attempt to throw acid on any person with the intention of causing damage can be punished by

Section 326 Voluntarily causing grievous hu by dangerous weapons or means Imprisonment for Life or 10 Years + Fine Section 326 A Voluntarily causing grievous hu by the use of acid, etc. 10 years to Life + Fine paid to the victim Section 326 B Voluntarily throwing or attempting to throw acid 5 to 7 years + Fine Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 197


Question: Fencing attitude of the dead bodies is caused by

PUGILISTIC ATTITUDE OR BOXING OR FENCING OR DEFENCE ATTITUDE: The posture of the body which has been exposed to great heat is often characteristic. POSITION: the legs are flexed at hips and knees the arms are flexed at the elbow and held in front of the body head slightly extended all fingers are hooked like claws contraction of paraspinal muscles often causes a marked OPISTHOTONOS in an attitude commonly adopted by boxers CAUSE: Coagulation of proteins occurs whether the person was alive or dead at the time of burning The flexor muscles being bulkier than extensors contract more due to which joints of all limbs are flexed. REFERENCE: The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29th edition page no: 161.


Question: Bertillon System is for

Bertillon's System : After 21 years

Anthropometric system based on physical measurement of specified parts of the body

Ref - Naryana Reddy, pg. 85.


Question: Buggery is term used commonly for

Sodomy Sodomy is anal intercourse with another man or woman. Anal intercourse between man and woman is generally termed as buggery Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 308


Question: Black tongue and black teeth are seen in abuse of

- Black tongue and black teeth are seen in abuse of cocaine - Habitual inhalation of cocaine or heroin (snoing or sniffing) cause perforation of the nasal septum - Froth may be seen at the mouth and nose


Question: 'Stomach bowel test' is also known as

Live-born infant swallows air into the stomach during respiration, and if present in small intestine it fuher confirms live bih. But air may be present in the stomach after decomposition, or in the stillborn attempting to free the air passages of fluid obstruction. Demonstration: The stomach and intestines are removed after tying double ligatures at each end. They are kept under water and incision is given between the ligatures. Air bubbles will come out if respiration has taken place--Breslau's second life test or stomach bowel test. If milk is present in the stomach, it is a positive evidence of live bih. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 148,150


Question: Commutation of death sentence cannot be done by 1.Additional sessions cou 2.Sessions cou 3.High cou 4.Supreme cou 5.President

Death sentence can be given by i) Session cou ii) Additional session cou iii) High cou iv) Supreme cou All cases from session cous are forwarded to high cou and high cou can commute death sentence into life imprisonment. A death sentence from high cou can be commuted by supreme cou. So commutation of death sentence is possible by High cou, Supreme cou & the President. Note : Extra edge Section 53 IPC- Denotes the section on punishments. The punishments provided are Death, Life imprisonment, Imprisonment for a ceain time, Forfeiture of propey and lastly fine. Section 54 IPC- Denotes the commutation of a death sentence. Section 55 IPC- Denotes the commutation of a sentence of life imprisonment.


Question: In a case of Hanging, neck ligature marks are example of

Ligature mark is a type of pressure/imprinted/pattern abrasion.


Question: Criminal negligence is punishable under

304A: Causing death by negligence: Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine or with both. 302: Punishment for murder. 304: Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder. Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 206


Question: Saturnine Gout is due to(2018)

Chronic lead Poisoning (plumbism; saturnism): Chronic poisoning results from a daily intake of one to two mg of lead. Signs and Symptoms : (1) Facial Pallor : The facial pallor paicularly about the mouth is one of the earliest and most consistent sign. It seems to be due to vasospasm. (2) Anaemia : There may be polycythaemia with polychromatophilia in early stages, but later there is anaemia which is associated with polychromasia, punctate basophilia, reticulocytosis, poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, nucleated red cells (sideroblasts) and an increase in mononuclear cells, whereas polymorphonuclear cells and platelets are decreased. The anaemia is due to inhibition of haeme synthesis by interference with the incorporation of iron into protoporphyrin. 3 )Leadline : A stippled blue line, called Buonian line, is seen on the gums in 50 to 70% of cases. It appears due to subepithelial deposit of granules at the junction with teeth, only near diy or carious teeth, within a week of exposure, especially on upper jaw. It is due to formation of lead sulphide by the action of hydrogen sulphide formed by decomposed food in the mouth. 4) Colic and Constipation : (5) Lead Palsy: There may be tremors, numbness, hyperaesthesia, and cramps before the actual muscle weakness. It is commoner in adults than in children, and men are paicularly affected. The muscle groups affected are those most prone to fatigue. Usually the extensor muscles of the wrist (wrist drop; radial nerve is affected) are affected, but the deltoid, biceps, anterior tibial (foot drop), and rarely muscles of eye or intrinsic muscles of hand or foot are affected. The paralysis is associated with degeneration of the nerve and atrophy of the muscles. Recovery may be complete but is usually slow. ( 6) Encephalopathy :*Lead encephalopathy, in some form is said to be present in almost every case of plumbism. It is common in children often associated with tetraethyl lead. The symptoms are vomiting, headache, insomnia, visual disturbances, irritability, restlessness, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions, coma and death. Lead encephalopathy is usually irreversible and about 85% have permanent brain damage. Death occurs in about 25% cases. (7) Cardiovascular System and Kidneys : Lead causes vascular constriction, leading to hypeension and permanent aeriolar degeneration. Chronic aeriosclerotic nephritis and interstitial nephritis occur. (8) Reproductive System : Menstrual derangements, such as amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, sterility of both sexes, and aboion are frequent. Aboion occurs in pregnant women between 3 to 6 months. (9) Other Systems : They are dyspepsia, anorexia, emaciation, general weakness, exhaustion, irritability, foul breath, headache, veigo, loss of hair and drowsiness. Peripheral neuritis is rare. Retinal stippling is noticed by ophthalmoscopic examination showing presence of greyish glistening lead paicles in the early phase of poisoning. Ref:- k.s.narayan reddy; pg num:- 544


Question: Neck is compressed between two bamboos in

Bansdola It is considered a form of strangulation where the neck is compressed in between two bamboos or other sticks, one in front and the other behind the neck. The ends of the sticks are tied with a rope through which the victim is squeezed to death Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 134


Question: Stripping naked a female patient for medical examination is punishable under

S. 228 A IPC - PRINTING OR PUBLISHING THE IDENTITY OF SEXUAL ASSAULT VICTIM S. 354 IPC - INDECENT ASSAULT S.354 C IPC - VOYEURISM S.493 IPC - COHABITATION


Question: 'Bhist regime' is used in treatment of poisoning

Bhist regimen is used in the treatment of Cerebra odollam poisoning. Cerbera odollam is commonly known as the Suicide tree,Pong-pong, and Othalanga. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 530


Question: Hemoperfusion with charcoal is useful in

Amongst the given options, hemoperfusion is used in barbiturate poisoning.


Question: Treatment of paracetamol toxicity is

Ans. is 'd' i.e., N - acetyl cysteine Paracetamol poisoning* It is a potent hepatic toxin. A small part is converted by a liver enzyme into N - acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine.* Glutathione and other sulphydryl compounds detoxify this substance, but in overdose NABP accumulates and causes severe centrilobular liver necrosis.* Large doses act on brain stem and cause rapid death.Symptoms:* Within a few hours - anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diaphoresis, hypotension, tachycardia and dyspnoea.* After one to two days, the discomfort disappears.* After 2 to 4 days there is vomiting, jaundice, hepatic pain, bleeding, hypoglycaemia, confusion, coma, metabolic acidosis and coarse flapping tremor of hands (asterixis).* There may be cardiac arrhythmias, haemorrhagic pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, etc.* Death usually occurs in 3 to 4 days.Treatment:i) Gastric lavage.ii) Activated charcoal.iii) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a specific antidote and has maximum efficacy if used within 8 hours.


Question: In normal conditions the rate of cooling of body is

Algor mois (Latin Algor: coolness, mois: death) or the chill of death is the cooling of the body that normally takes place after death, where the body temperature equilibrates with its environmental temperature. For temperate countries, Marshal and Hoare formula is used. The rates of fall of temperature in an average built person is 1degF upto 3 h, 2degF upto 9 h and 1.5degF up to 12 h. The rule of thumb is that the temperature falls at about 1.5degF/h. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg : 79


Question: Magistrate inquest comes under


Question: Polyvalent anti snake venom does not contain the venom of

The Indian antisnake venom neutralise the venom of 1. Common cobra (Naja naja) 2. Common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) 3. Russell's viper (Daboia russelii) 4. Saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus)


Question: The following rule is not associated with rigor mois

Rule of Morrison: Gestational age of fetus (6 - 10 months) Nysten's rule: Rigor mois ( order of appearance) Rule of 12: Rigor mois Shapiro's rule: Rigor mois Rule of 9: Burns Rule of Hasse: Gestational age of fetus (first 5 months) Casper's dictum: Decomposition


Question: According to the MTP Act, abortion can be done till

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act of India It clearly states the conditions under which a pregnancy can be ended or aborted,
the persons who are qualified to conduct the abortion and the place of implementation, Women whose physical and/or mental health were endangered by the pregnancy,
Women facing the birth of a potentially handicapped or malformed child. Rape. Pregnancies in unmarried girls under the age of eighteen with the consent of a guardian.
Pregnancies in "lunatics" with the consent of a guardian. Pregnancies that result are a result of a failure in sterilization.
The length of the pregnancy must not exceed 2D weeks in order to qualify for an abortion. MTP Act of 1971 legalizes abortion on the following grounds: Therapeutic. Eugenic.
Humanitarian. Social. MTP Rules Only registered medical practitioner can perform MTPs.
Should only be done in Government hospitals or hospitals recognized by Government.
Consent of woman is required. If minor or mentally ill, written consent from guardian is required.
If the period of pregnancy is less than 12 weeks, the opinion of the single doctor is enough


Question: Custodial rape is punished under


Question: Battle sign is positive, if bruise in

Ans. (C). Mastoid region(Ref: Review of Forensic Medicine & toxicology; Gautum Biswas; 2nd edition; Pg - 236)Bruising/ecchymosis over the mastoid processQ in the line of posterior auricular artery.It is an indication of fracture of middle cranial fossaQof the skull, and may suggest underlying brain trauma


Question: A doctor should not take fees for issuing ceificate


Question: The route of administration of amyl nitrite in "cyanide poisoning " is

Antidotal Therapy in cyanide poisoning:The 3-step cyanide antidote kit is used. It contains amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate.i. 0.3 ml ampoule of amyl nitrite is broken in a gauze and the victim is made to inhale for 30 seconds, every minute (1st step), and use a new ampoule every 3 min. Stop amyl nitrite, if systolic BP is < 80 mmHg.ii. 10 ml of 3% solution (300 mg) of sodium nitrite is injected IV slowly over 5 min (2nd step), followed by 50 ml of 25% solution (12.5 g) of sodium thiosulfate over 10-20 min, by the same needle (3rd step). Ref: Krishnan vij textbook of forensic medicine ; 5th ed; Page no: 548


Question: Florence test is used for

Ans. (b) SemenRef,: The Essentials of FSM by K.S. Narayan Reddy 31st ed. / 405Tests for Detection ofSeminal Stain (Mnemonic- "Creat Acid Fast Bacilli')* Acid phosphatase test: to detect Aspermia cases* BarberioS test: to detect Spermine (yellow needle shaped spermine picrate)* Creatine phosphokinase test: for old seminal stain* Florence test: choline crystals of semen shows fluoroscence when examined (Rhombotic crystals of choline iodide)* Most specific test for seminal stain: Isoenzyme LDH assay* For dry seminal stain: UV rays used Blood Benzidine test* Best preliminary test as it detects blood present in dilution of 1 in 3 lakhs.* Color produced: Deep Blue* Not used because it is a potential carcinogen.Kastle-Mayer/Phenolpthalein test- color produced is Pink Purple.Microchemical test: based on RBC content of blood.1. Takayama's test: Hb converted to Haemochromogen crystal.# Salmon pink feathery haemochromogen crystals are obtained.2. Teichmann's Haemin crystal test: Hb converted into Hemin/Hematin crystals.# Brown rhombic haemic crystal are seen3. Spectroscopic test: Most specific/confirmatory method for blood stain test4. Thin layer chromatography (TLC)5. ElectrophoresisNOTE: Test to distinguish human vs. animal blood- Precipitin Test,


Question: 'Tentative cuts' are seen with

Ans. b (Suicide) (Ref. FMT by N. Reddy 5th/pg.93)TENTATIVE (preliminary cuts) CUTS# Hesitation cuts derive their name from the hesitation with which these incisions are made by a person intending to commit suicide by a cutting instrument.# He or she usually makes preliminary cuts before gathering sufficient courage to make final deep incision.# These are generally small, multiple, superficial, and usually skin deep.# They are seen with commencement of the incised wound and merge with the main incision.


Question: After postmortem exam, body has to be handed over to


Question: A patient with suspected poisoning has brownish oral mucosa and tongue, constricted pupil and greenish brown urine, poisoning is with


Question: During autopsy, Core body temperature is best measured In a case of sodomy, from

Best site to measure core body temperature after death is Rectum. But in cases of sodomy temperature is measured from Inferior surface of liver. Other suitable sites are external auditory canal, nasal passages or by inseing a thermometer into the peritoneal cavity by a small opening.

Intra-aural (thermometer up to tympanic membrane)

Intra-nasal (thermometer up to cribriform plate)


Question: Presence of soot in air passages indicate

presence of smoke in air passages presence of greyish black or black amorphous material embedded or adherent to the mucosa of larynx, trachea and bronchi indicates that the victim inhaled smoke and hence was breathing during the fire. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 166


Question: Vineyard sprayer lung is due to

Vineyard sprayer lung: - Due to inhalation of copper sulphate spray. - Characterised by histiocytic granulomatous lung. - Occurs in metal worker due to inhalation of dust or food contamination with verdigris.


Question: Test to detect spermine in semen is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Barberio test Tests to detect semen are:A. Chemical tests:1) Microchemical tests: Florence test (produces brown crystals of choline periodide), and barberio's test (produces yellow crystals of spermine picrate by picric acid).2) Enzyme tests : Acid phosphatase (concentration >10 K.A./ml), creatinine phosphokinase (>400 units) and specific glycoproteins (P30 orMHS-5).3) Ammonium molybdate test: It gives deep deep yellow colour, due to presence of phosphorus.B. Microscopic examination:# It is done to demonstrate the presence of spermatozoa in the vaginal fluid or in stain.C. Biological examination:1) Precipitin test: To know the species to which semen belongs.2) Blood group can be known from semen.D. UV light:# Invisible, softned and dry semen stains of the clothes can be rendered distinct by the filtered UV light, which produces bluish fluorescence.E. Testes for determination of specific protein component (e.g. LDH isoenzyme):# These are immunoelectrophoresis, gel diffusion precipitation, gel electrophoresis, immunodiffusion, isoelectric focussing and TLC (thin layer chromatography).


Question: A patient of head injury, has no relatives & requires urgent cranial decompression; Doctor should


Question: Sexual gratification is obtained by being beaten or toured by the sexual paner in

Masochism In masochism, the sexual gratification is obtained by being beaten or toured by the sexual paner. They find pleasure by being beaten up, toured, humiliated and dominated by the sexual paner. This is usually seen in males and rarely seen in females also. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: Expert witness comes under


Question: Intercourse in closely related individual in blood relation

Ans. is 'b' i.e.,Incest * Incest means sexual intercourse by a man with a woman who is closely related to him by blood (prohibited degrees of relationship).* Example daughter, granddaughter, sister, stepsister, aunt, or mother.


Question: Casper's dictum is related to

PUTREFACTION IN WATER Casper dictum: It states that a body decomposes in air twice as rapidly as in water, and eight times as rapidly as in eah. The rate of putrefaction is slower in water than in air. Putrefaction is more rapid in warm, fresh water than in cold, salt water. It is more rapid in stagnant water than in running water. Putrefaction is delayed when a body is lying in deep water and is well protected by clothing, while it is rapid in a body lying in water contaminated with sewage. As the submerged cadavers float face down with the head lower than the trunk, gaseous distension and postmoem discolouration are first seen on the face and then spread to the neck, upper extremities, chest, abdomen and the lower extremities in that order. Fluid gravitation in the head ours marked decomposition. When the body is removed from the water, putrefaction is hastened as the tissues have absorbed much water. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-170


Question: Burtonian lines on gums is seen in poisoning with

Clinical features of chronic lead poisoning/ plumbism/saturism:

 Facial pallor especially around mouth is the earliest and most consistent sign
 Polycythemia with polychromatophilia followed by anemia with punctate basophilia (basophilic stippling), reticulocytosis, poikilocytosis, nucleated RBC(sideroblasts), increased neutrophils & decreased platelets are seen in early stages.
 Stippled blue line known as Burtonian or lead line is seen on gums, only near carious teeth in upper jaw as an early sign.

It is bluish black epithelial deposition of lead sulphide granules on gums. Similar blue line may also be seen in mercury; copper, silver, bismuth & iron poisoning.

 Colic & constipation is a late manifestation
 Paralysis, encephalopathy, cardiovascular, renal & reproductive system manifestations are late manifestations,
 Tremors, numbness, hyperesthesia & cramps preceding actual muscle paralysis more commonly involve muscle groups prone to fatigue .
 Paralysis is associated with muscle atrophy Sc nerve degeneration due to interference with resynthesis of phosphocreatinine.
 Encephalopathy is present in every case but is more common in children Sc in poisoning by tetra ethyl lead salt.
 Menstrual derangements (amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia), abortion (between 3-6 months), dead fetus & sterility in both sexes.
 Vascular constriction due to lead results in hypertension & interstitial nephritis.


Question: In Hydrocution death occurs by

Immersion Syndrome (Hydrocution): Death in immersion syndrome is due to cardiac arrest as a result of vagal inhibition. It is produced by (i) Cold water stimulatung the nerve endings of the surface of the body (!!) Cold water striking the epigastrium and (!!!) Cold water entering the ear drums, mucosa of pharynx or Larynx. Alcohol increases such effects due to general vasodilatation. Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine&Toxicology 28th edition pg:191


Question: Copper sulphate poisoning manifests with

In severe cases of copper poisoning, jaundice occurs due to both haemolysis as well as direct liver damage produced by copper sulphate. Renal failure may occur due to direct toxicity as well as intravascular haemolysis. Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 569,570


Question: The IPC section that denotes the death of the human being,unless the contrary appears from the context is

IPC section 46 denotes the death of the human being unless the contrary appears from the context. In the simple words, the word denotes the death of human being unless the contest suggests otherwise Other options *IPC44 :Denotes the Section on injury.The word injury denotes the death of a human being unless the context suggests otherwise *IPC45:Denotes section on life.The word life denotes the life of a human being,unless the contrary appears from the context *IPC 51:Denotes the section on Oath Reference The essentials of Forensic Medicine and toxicology 33rd edition, page number 139


Question: Hostile witness is covered under IPC section

Sec 191 IPC states that whoever, being legally bound by an oath or by an express provision of law to state the truth, or being bound by law to make a declaration upon any subject, makes any statement which is false, and which he either knows or believes to be false or does not believe to be true, is said to give false evidence. This is a hostile witness. REF: Dr K. S. Narayan Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 29th edition pg. 31.


Question: Delayed onset polyneuropathy after Organophosphorous poisoning is seen after

Delayed onset polyneuropathy can result in one to five weeks after exposure to ceain compounds like parathion, malathion, trichlorfon etc. It begins with paresthesias and pain or cramps in the calves followed by ataxia, weakness and toe drop progressing to flaccid paresis. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine ; 5th ed; Page no: 532-534


Question: The active principle


Question: Second offence of stalking is

First offence of stalking is cognizable and Bailable.
Second offence of stalking is cognizable and non Bailable.


Question: Arsenic poisoning presents with symptoms mimicking

ARSENIC * Copper arsenite - sheele&;s green * Copper acetoarsenite - paris green * Permissible limits of arsenic in ground water - 0.05mg/L * The gastroenteric type of poisoning resembles cholera * Greatest quantity is seen in - liver * Red velvety appearance of mucosa of stomach * Most affected pa of the stomach - pylorus * Subendocardial petechial hemorrhages of the ventricle is typical of arsenic poisoning (also found in phosphorus, barium, mercury and in cases of heat stroke and acute infectious disease e.g. influenza) * Rigor mois lasts longer than usual, Delays putrefaction Ref ; Narayana reddy 33rd ed.


Question: Linear abrasion is the other name for

Linear abrasion (scratch abrasion) Linear abrasions are produced by horizontal or tangential movements of the tip of a pointed object like thorn, nail, tip of pointed knife, pin,etc. In this type of abrasion, the width is minimal. There may be heaping of the denuded cuticle at one end and from this, the direction of application of force and the relative position of the victim and assailant can be found out. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 112


Question: A 72 farmer present in hospital with pin point pupil & increased secretions. The diagnosis is

Sign & Symptoms of organophosphorus can be remembered with Mnemonics: Dumbbells & Sludge : all the symptoms and signs of organophosphorus occurs due to inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase . Diarrhea Salivation Urination Lacrimation Miosis Urination Bradycardia Defecation Bronchospasm G.I upset Emesis Emesis Lacrimation Limp Sweating


Question: Le Facies sympathique is suggestive of

Ans. a (Antemortem hanging) (Ref Reddy's essentials of FMT 27th 1299)Postmortem appearance in death due toiianging:# The ligature mark in the neck is the most important and specific sign of death from hanging. The ligature mark is situated above the level of thyroid cartilage between the larynx and the chin in 80 percent cases. In partial hanging, the feet touch the ground.# Le facie sympathique (if the ligature knot presses on cervical sympathetic, the eye on the same side may remain open and its pupils dilated) is seen in antemortem hanging. The eyes are frequently protruded and firmer and the conjunctiva congested, the pupils are usually dilated. Saliva may be found dribbling from the angle of the mouth (due to stimulation of the salivary glands by the ligature).# Seminal emission is common.# In rare cases (5 to 10%), the intima of the carotid arteries show transverse split.# Hyoid bone is fractured in 15 to 20% cases. Are seen in persons above 40 years; involves the great horn at junction of the inner two-thirds and outer one-third.MECHANICAL ASPHYXIAAsphyxial deaths1. Suffocation--Mechanical obstruction to airways other than by hanging, strangulation and throttling. MC cause is inhalation of irritant gas.2. Smothering--Closing the external respiratory orifice by hand or by other means.3. Gagging--Closing mouth and nose with cloth etc., and tying around head or stuffing it into mouth.HANGINGHanging is that form of asphyxia which is caused by suspension of the body by a ligature, which encircles the neck, the constricting force being the weight of the body.In partial hanging, the bodies are partially suspended; the weight of the head (5-6 kg) acts as the constricting force.Topical hanging: In typical hanging, the ligature runs from the midline above the thyroid cartilage symmetrically upward on both sides of neck to the occipital region.Causes of Death1. Asphyxia: A tension of 15 kg on ligature blocks the trachea.2. Venous congestion: The jugular vein is closed by a tension in the rope of 2 kg.3. Combined asphyxia and venous congestion: this is the commonest cause.4. Cerebral anemia: A tension of 4 to 5 kg on ligature blocks carotid arteries, and 20 kg blocks the vertebral arteries.5. Reflex vagal inhibition from pressure on the vagal sheath or carotid bodies.6. Fracture or dislocation of the cervical vertebrae.Fatal period: The usual period is 3 to 5 minutes.Judicial hangingThe cause of death in judicial hanging is fracture dislocation at the level of second and third or third and fourth cervical vertebra.Lynchingis a type of homicidal death by hanging by large group of people.Strangulationis that form of asphyxia which is caused from constriction of the neck by a ligature without suspending the body. It is of two types (1) Strangulation by ligature, and (2) manual strangulation or throttling.The common methods of homicidal strangulation are: (1) Strangulation by ligature, (2) Throttling, (3) Bansdola, (4) Garrotting, and (5) MuggingMugging is homicidal strangulation caused by holding the neck of the victim in the bend of the elbow.Bansdola is a type of homicidal strangulation caused with sticks.Garroting is type of homicidal strangulation caused by twisting a lever like tomiquet.ThrottlingThrottling is manual strangulation. Fracture of the hyoid bone in 30-50% cases. Fracture of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone are usually found in above 40 years. Hyoid bone fracture does not occur in choking. It is always homicidal.SuffocationSuffocation is a general term to indicate that form of asphyxia which is caused by deprivation of oxygen, either due to lack of oxygen in the environment or from obstruction of the air-passages.SmotheringSmothering is a form of asphyxia which is caused by closing the external respiratory orifices either by the hand or by any other means, or blocking up the cavities of the nose and mouth by the introduction of a foreign substance, such as mud, paper, cloth, etc.Gaggingis a form of asphyxia which results from forcing a cloth into the mouth, or the closure of mouth and nose by a cloth or similar material, which is tied around the neck.OverlayingIt is a type of smothering. Overlaying or compression suffocation results due to compression of the chest, so as to prevent breathing. Overlaying by mother is common in European countries. The usual findings are those of asphyxia.BurkingIt is a method of homicidal smothering and traumatic asphyxia.Homicidal chokingIn choking, there is obstruction within airways. It is very rare and is practicable only when the victim is an infant or suffering from disability or disease, or under the influence of alcohol.Cafe CoronaryThis is a condition in which a healthy but grossly intoxicated person, who begins a meal, suddenly turns blue, coughs violently, then collapses. Death appears to be due to sudden heart attack, rather than due to asphyxia. A blow on the back or on the sternum may cause coughing and expel the foreign body.Traumatic AsphyxiaTraumatic asphyxia results from respiratory arrest due to mechanical fixation of the chest, so that the normal movement of the chest wall is prevented. Common cause is crushing by falls of earth in a coal mine or during tunneling or in a building collapse. An intense cyanosis of deep purple or purple-red colour of the head, neck and upper chest, above the level of compression is the prominent feature.Sexual AsphyxiaPartial asphyxia causes cerebral disturbance with feeling of sexual gratification. These cases are associated with some form of abnormal sexual behavior, usually masochism and transvestism.


Question: The most common type of fingerprint is

(Loop) (2.15-P)* According to Quetlets Rules* Commonest is loop (67%) and least is composite (1-2%)* Order - Loop >Whorl (25%) >Arches (6-7%) > Composite* For the purpose of primary classification of criminal work. Arches are included under loops and composites under whorls.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur means

The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur
It means “the thing or fact speaks for itself”.
In a case of professional negligence of a physician, the patient need not prove negligence.
It is applied when the following conditions are fulfilled :

That is the absence of negligence the injury would not have occurred ordinarily.
That the doctor had exclusive control over the injury-producing instrument or treatment.
That the patient was not guilty of contributory negligence.


Question: Preservative used for virological examination in autopsy is

Preservative used for virological examination in autopsy is Glycerol in buffered saline Preservative used for urine examination in autopsy - thymol formalin used for histopathological examination


Question: Heimlich manoeuvre is indicated for

Hemilich manoecure is the first aid resque technique for choking.
Choking is usually accidental.


Question: Treatment of choice of Gun shot injury is

(B) Debridement # Treatment of Gun shot injury: Full extent of injuries sustained can be detected only by complete exploration> Gunshot wounds and war wounds require careful surgical debridement and such wounds should be left open.> Following high velocity injuries, fasciotomy of all of the fascial compartments of the limb should be undertaken.


Question: To find out whether the stain is human or not the following test is done

Precipitin test This is a precipitation reaction by antigen and antibody. Human blood is injected into a rabbit every third day for 3-5 times. After this the animal is kiledk and the antiserum is collected. This is used for precipitin test to find out a paicular tissue or stain is human or not. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 318


Question: Mc Naughten's rule is for


Question: IPC 201

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Evidence disappearance o IPC 201 is for causing disappearance of evidenceOther optionso Perjury (fabricating false evidence) - IPC 192o Voluntary causing grievous hurt - IPC 322o Kidnapping-IPC 361-369

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Species identifications are done by

Tests for species identification are Precipitin test, Latex agglutination test, Haem-agglutination inhibition test Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 54


Question: Marbling refers to

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Vessels appearing as prominent lines * The signs and effects of putrefaction are as follows:1) Colour changes# The earliest sign of decomposition is greenish discoloration of body, seen in right iliac fossa externallyand under liver internally. This is due to involvement of caecum. Which contains more liquid and is full of bacteria. In these areas, it appears in 12-18 hours and slowly spread to whole body in 24-48 hours. Greenish discoloration is due to formation ofsulph-meth-haemoglobin.# Morbling occurs when Hb dissociates from RBCs and the colour of Hb is taken up by vessels, which are seen as prominent lines having purple or green or brown colour. Marbling occurs in 24-48 hours.2) Formation of foul smelling gases# Due to action of bacteria, foul smelling gases are formed, e.g. S02, H2S, ammonia, methane and COv3) Effects of gases# Bloating up of body occurs in 34-48 hours. At the same time following changes occurs:i) Appearance of stomach contents and froth on nose and mouth.ii) Degloving and destocking with appearance of putrifactive blisters.iii) Emptying of heart due to pressure of gas.# In 48-72 hours prolapse of rectum and uterus occur and postmortem delivery may occur if the dead woman is pregnant. Color of postmortem staining also changes to brown and finally to black. False rigidity (putrefactive rigidity) may occur at this time.4) Appearance of maggots# Flies lay their eggs in wounds, exposed natural orifices and exposed moist parts of the body and folds of skin, e.g. neck, axilla, nostrils, mouth etc.# Flies lay eggs in 6-12 hours after death and these eggs change in larva (maggot) in 1-2 days.# Thus maggots appear in 2-3 days after the death.# After further 4-5 days, the maggots change into pupa, which convert into adult flies in next 3-5 days.# Thus adult flies will be coming out of the body after total 8-12 days of death.* Appearance of maggot determine the time since death.5) Other late changes# In 3-5 days: Nails and teeth become loose and can be pulled out, sutures of skull may separate.# In 7-12 days: Liquefaction of body (colliquative putrefaction) occurs.# In 1-3 months : Skeletonization of dead body occurs.# Finally: Bones also decompose: Exposed bones in 1-5 years and deep burried bone (> 2 meters) in 25-100 years.6) Internal changes# Liver becomes spongy and is called as foamy or swiss cheese or honeycombed liver.# In 7-12 days lequefaction of internal organs occur.7) Floatation of body (if body is in water)# Floatation of body occurs due to accumulation of sufficient putrefactive gases. Abdomen is above (due to gases) and spine is below during floatation.# Time required for floatation is ordinarily 24 hours after death in summers and 2-3 days in winter.# Factors affecting floatation are :i) Causing early floatation: Newborn mature infant, females, in summer, clothed body, obese, in sea water and in still pond water.ii) Causing delayed floatation : Still birth/immature newborn, male, in winter, naked body, thin built, in fresh water and in running stream water.# Inspiration and expiration before death has no effect on floatation as floatation is due to putrefactive gases (not due to respiratory air).


Question: The following conditions ours mummification

Ideal conditions for mummification: High temperature, dry condition, absence of moisture and free circulation of air. Ideal conditions for Adipocere formation: Warm temperature, moisture, less air, bacteria, and fat splitting enzymes (lipases).


Question: The recommended treatment for suspected arsenic poisoning is

The trivalent form of arsenite (arsenic, AsO2) has al high affinity for sulfhydryl groups and binds with great avidivty to lipoic acid, one of the five cofactors of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The most efficient way to remove this arsenite is by administering a competitive sulfhydryl compound, such as dimercaprol. Chelating agents such as EDT A, penicillamine, or deferoxamine will react with circulating metals and remove them from the body. Yet, they are less effective in competing with sulfhydryl groups than the mercaptans. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 465

Parenteral administration of penicillamine


Question: Arborescent burn is seen in


Question: For diatoms test the best site for taking sample is


Question: The percentage of active principle "tetrahydrocannabinol" in Ganja

Ganja: It is the resinous extract of leaves and bracts of the female plant. It is mixed with a little tobacco and is usually smoked in a pipe (chilam). It contains the active principle in a concentration of about 25%. The resin has a rusty green color and a characteristic odor. The resin contains over 60 structurally similar compounds called cannabinoids, of which delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is responsible for most of its psychoactive effects. Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th edition; Page no 513


Question: Evidence not used in rape is

In the uncircumcised penis the presence of smegma under the prepuce and on the corona glandis rules out complete penetration because smegma will be rubbed off during intercourse. Smegma usually requires 24 hours to redeposit. Presence of smegma indicates that no sexual intercourse with full penetration is taken place within 24 hours but absence of smegma will not indicate intercourse. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 305


Question: "Incest' term used in sexual relationship with

C. i.e. (Blood relationship) (5.46 Parikh 6th)INCEST - This is the act of sexual intercourse by a man with woman within a certain degree of blood relationship* In India incest per se is not a cognizable offence and police cannot take any notice of it unless the offence can be brought into any of the penalizing sections such as 376 and 497 IPC* Common example is the father and daughter, brother and sister* Medical examination is concerned with demonstrating evidence of habitual intercourse rather than of fresh defloration.Bestiality (bestio - sexuality) means sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal** either through the anus or the vagina (Punishible under the section 377. IPC)**Fetichism - is a perversion in which sexual gratification is associated with contact and sight of certain parts of the female body or even clothing or other articles known as fetish objects** (Corned - 08)Transvestism is a perversion in which the personality is dominated by the desire to be identified with opposite sex. The fantasy indulged in is clearly "being a women" if a male and 'being a man' if a female. It is also known as EONISM**Irresistible sexual desire in males is known as Satyriasis**


Question: Nitroguanidine is used as a propellant cahrge in

Triple base powder consists of nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, and nitroguanidine. The quantity of nitroglycerin is small but sufficient to give power; the nitroguanidine lowers the flame temperature while adding an active explosive constituent. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 239


Question: On autopsy, fine froth was found in the resp. tract, nose and mouth. Likely cause of death

Ans. is 'a' i.e. Drowning The fine froth at the mouth and nose is pathognomic of drowning. It is white or rarely blood stained, lather like, abundant and increases in amount with compressions of the chest; even if wiped away it gradually reappears, especially if pressure is applied to chest.The presence of weeds, mud, sand etc. in the tightly clenched hand, when present is also indicative of death from drowning as it indicates the victim s struggle for life.Froth at mouth and in respiratory tract is also found in certain poisonings as given below but in these cases the froth is neither so Fine nor so copious and persistent and none of the typical signs of drowning are present. eg. Opioids Cocaine BarbituratesOrganophosphorus compounds.


Question: Pressure upon the chest leading to a so of mechanical fixation of chest and thereby preventing respiratory movements seen in

Traumatic asphyxia the term 'traumatic asphyxia' or 'crush asphyxia' is applied where there is pressure upon chest leading to a so of mechanical fixation of chest and thereby preventing respiratory movements. Eg: burial under the rubble of a collapsed building. Crushing under an automobile. Etc Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ PAGE 118


Question: Respiratory depression is caused by NE

C i.e. Strychnine Strychnine is a CNS and respiratory stimulantQ. Alcohol, barbiturates, opioidsQ, benzodiazepines, chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, mandrax (melsedine), heroin (brown sugar), general anesthetics, sedative & hypnotics are CNS depressants. (However few may initially stimulate CNS). Hallucinogens (LSD = peyote = mescaline = phencyclidine), ecstasy, khat (catha edulis), cocaine and amphetamine are CNS stimulants (psychotropics).


Question: Fragmented medullary hair are found in

A i.e. Negro - Anteroposterior diameter (i.e. length) of skull is minimum in Brachycephaly4 (sho headed) and maximum in DolicocephalyQ. - The skull of Aryan's (Indians), Arborigines & Negroes is dolico-cephalic, with cephalic index between 70 - 75Q. Radio humeral index is80 in blacks. Tibio femoral index is83 in Blacks. - Cephalic Index, Height Index & Nasal Index are used for determination of raceQ - Mongols have maximum cephalic index ( 80) & height index (75) with rounded nasal openings, orbits & palateQ


Question: Spanish windlass technique is a

Spanish windlass technique Strangulation is caused by compression of the neck by a ligature which is quickly tightened by twisting it with a lever (rod, stick or ruler) It results in sudden loss of consciousness and collapse Form of garroting Q***

Neck compression with a ligature tightened by twisting the rod


Question: Black scab is formed at

Age of abrasion Less than 24 hours bright red - reddish scab 2-3 days reddish- brown scab 4-5 days dark brown scab 6-7 days black scab ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 114


Question: The time for molecular death in kidney is

Brain is the first organ to die- within 5 minutes. Liver 15 mints, kidney 45 mints, hea 60 mints. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 18


Question: For exhumation permission should be taken from

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Executive magistrate * Exumation is lawful digging out of a burried body from the grave for the purpose of identification or determination of cause of death. Only a magistrate (executive magistrate) can order for exhumation.* In india, there is no time limit for exhumation, i.e. can be done at any time after death.* It is done under supervision of medical officer and Magistrate in presence of a police officer who provides witnesses to identify grave, coffin and dead body, whenever possible, Magistrate should inform the relatives and allow them not to remain present at the time of enquiry.* The whole procedure should be conducted and completed in natural day light. Therefore, it is usually started early in morning.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Best method of organ removal in autopsy of a HIV case is

AUTOPSY TECHNIQUES - Virchow's technique: organs removed one by one - Ghon's technique: removed as organ blocks - Letulle's technique: en masse removal - Rokinansky's technique: in situ dissection combined with Enblock removal VIRCHOW'S TECHNIQUE* Individual organs removed one by one* Anatomical relations not preserved GHON'S TECHNIQUE* Organ blocks & organ dissection* Cervical, thoracic, abdominal and urogenital system are removed as organ block (separate blocks) LETTULE'S TECHNIQUE* Cervical, thoracic, abdominal & pelvic organs are removed as en-masse (all together) & organ dissection* Anatomical relationships preserved* Rapid technique ROKITANSKY'S TECHNIQUE* In-situ dissection of organs* Fetal brain dissection* Infectious diseases like HIV, Hepatitis B* Radiation hazards


Question: Color of postmoem staining in cyanide poisoning is

Color of postmoem staining Cause of death color of PMS Cyanides bright red(oxygen Hbu) Carbon monoxide cherry red(carboxy Hbu) Carbon dioxide deep blue(reduced Hbu) Hydrogen sulphide bluish green(sulphmet Hbu) Phosphorus, copper Dark brown Opiates black Nitrates, aniline, potassium chlorate, nitrobenzene, potassium bicarbonate chocolate brown, or coffee brown(metHb) Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 24


Question: Cause of death in throttling is

Throttling/ Manual strangulation - compression of neck by human hands Mechanism of death - occlusion of carotids as the carotid aeries lie over the transverse processes of C4 - C6 Cervical veebra and any antero-lateral impact can compress them against the underlying bone Occlusion of airways plays a minor role and pure asphyxia is rare; considerable pressure is necessary to obstruct trachea which will also block jugular veins and carotid aeries


Question: Friction burn on the skin indicates that

Friction burn: Extensive, superficial, reddened excoriated area minimal or no linear mark Occurs when the skin is covered by clothing or the person is dragged on smooth surface (eg. on a marble floor) Brush burn: Graze abrasion involving wider area such as the back, caused by violent rubbing against a surface, as in dragging along over the ground. In an abrasion caused by a tangential force, the direction of the force can be determined by epidermal tags.


Question: CSF is stored at

BLOOD, URINE, VITREOUS AND C.S.F. All arecollected for biochemical examinations. Blood should be collected from the femoral vessels. Other sites, in descending order of preference are the subclavain vessels, root of aoa, pulmonary aery, superior vena cava and the hea. When blood samples are collected for volatile substances, small glass bottles with aluminium foil-lined should be used, which should be filled to the top to avoid loss of volatile substances into the head space and stored at 4degC. CSF is collected by lumbar or cisternal puncture. They are of value if collected within 4 to 6 hours after death, but not later than 12 hours. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-123


Question: Erethism occur in

Ans is 'a' i.e. Hg(Mercury) Erethism: is a peculiar disturbance of the personality characterized by shyness irritability, tremors, loss of memory and insomnia.Other imp. Points about mercury :Most poisonous salt of mercury* - Mercuric chlorideAcute poisoning causes nephrotoxicity *Chronic poisoninga blue-black line on the gums as with lead poisoningMercuria lentis*is a peculiar eye change due to brownish deposits of mercury in the lens. It is bilateral and has no effect on visual acuity.Tremors are seen and are k/a Hotter*s shake* or glass blowers shake*Erethism is seenAcrodynia* is seen.

Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques


Question: The Study of postmoem process of a dead body and their interpretation is

Forensic taphonomy is the interdisciplinary study and interpretation of postmoem processes of human remains. Thanatology is the study that deals with death in all its aspects. Entomology is the study of the form and behaviour of insects. Myiasis is a condition caused by infestation of the body by fly maggots. Putrefaction is the process of gradual dissolution and liquefaction of the tissues.


Question: On tenth day of a tooth being knocked out, the local clinical finding will be

When a tooth has been knocked out, bleeding from its socket stops in about one to two days and a clot is formed. The clot is obliterated by fibrous tissue in about 14 days. The socket is completely filled with gradual new bone in about a year, as seen on X-RAY examination. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 289 , medscape.com


Question: Professional death sentence is

Erasure of Name :- The name of the doctor is removed from the medical register: (1) After the death of the registered practitioner. (2) Entries which are made in error or as a result of fraud. (3) Penal erasure: The main cause for erasure is serious professional misconduct, and this is known as penal erasure. It is sometimes termed "the professional death sentence". It deprives the practitioner of all the privileges of a registered practitioner. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-27

Erasing of name from the medical register


Question: Dried semen stain in clothes is identified by

UV light 3) Microscopic examination - Involves identification of spermatozoa under the microscope. Fluorescence microscopy is based on the principle that the Y-chromosome is fluorescent to quinacrine. 4) Electrophoretic methods Acid phosphatase isoenzyme test - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by staining with methyl umbelliferyl phosphate reagent makes the seminal acid phosphatase to be distinguished from the acid phosphatase present in other substances & in vaginal secretion. This is superior to LDH isoenzyme method since semen can be identified in the absence of sperms as in azoospermic or vasectomised persons. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme Test - Sperm specific LDH isoenzyme can be separated from other LDH isoenzymes of semen by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proof of semen: The only absolute proof of semen is the finding of at least one unbroken spermatozoan, or electrophoretic LHD isoenzyme detection of sperms. In case of azoospermia, vasectomy or very old persons a stain will be seminal if it gives - characteristic fluorescence in UV light - positive 1-taarate acid-phosphatase and - High levels of acid phosphatase & creatine phosphokinase or electrophoretic seminal acid phosphatase or PSA (P30) positive Species (Human or animal) is confirmed by precipitin test as in blood stains. Source (from which person) is identified by DNA & different grouping systems such as ABO, GM, PGM & GLO-I. New test Commercial ELISA, the SEMA(r)assay, for a seminal vesicle-specific antigen (SVSA) provides highly sensitive detection of semen but are costly .


Question: Term café coronary was coined by

Cafe coronary was coined by Dr Roger Haugen, Medical examiner of Broward, Florida for impaction of food in the respiratory passage.
The original series of deaths involved well-nourished businessmen dying suddenly & unexpectedly in restaurants & cafes while sitting or shortly after sitting in a chair as if they died of heart attack.
Hence, the name 'cafe coronary'. However, the autopsy reveals a bolus of food in the pharynx or larynx.


Question: Maggots in rainy day are seen within


Question: Cavett test is used for detection of

Test for alcohol :

Cavett test
Kozelka and thine test
Alcohol dehydrogenase test
Gas chromatography (Most specific)


Question: Smokeless Gun powder contains

SMOKELESS gun powder: Single base: Nitrocellulose Double base: Nitrocellulose + Nitro-glycerine Triple base: Nitrocellulose + Nitroglycerine + Nitroguanidine


Question: In deep incised wounds, Langer's lines determine


Question: A case of murder with gunshot is reported. A metal bullet is recovered from the body. Primary and Secondary markings on a metal bullet can be used for

Ans is 'a' i.e. Identification of weapon "Primary and secondary marks on the surface of the bullet helps in identification of the gun. Primary marks on the surface of the bullet tells about the 'make' or type of the gun used and the secondary marks which are due to some elevation or depression on the inner surface of the barrel of the gun will tell specifically about the particular gun which has been used when compared with similar markings of a bullet test-fired from the suspected gun. Investigation of Offences on Human Body by Apurba Nandy p48Two types of marks are seen on the surface of the bullet and help in identification of the firearm used.Primary markings (Class characteristics):In all rifled firearms, the bullet is slightly larger than the barrel, and as the bullet passes through the barrel, its sides are marked by the rifling of the barrel. These are k/a primary markings.Primary markings or Class characteristics include- caliber number of lands and grooves {these 2 terms used in describing the rifling found inside the barrel of a firearm. The word lands refers to the raised portion of the rifling, and the grooves refers to the lower portion of the rifling.) direction of the twist of rifling rate of twist of the rifling width of the land and groovesPrimary markings help in identifying the make and model of the firearm used.Secondary markings (individual or accidental characteristics):These markings are caused by irregularities on the inner surface of the barrel which are specific for that particular weapon. These irregularities are produced by the sticking of the particles of the bullet to the bore when shots are fired (this is k/a metallic fouling). Individual characteristics also result accidentally during the manufacturing process.Secondary markings help iii identifying the specific gun from which the bullet was fired.


Question: Seminal stain can be detected by

Test for seminal  stains

Creatine phosphokinase test
Acid phosphatase test
Florence test (Choline iodide crystals)
Barberio's test (Crystals of spesmin picrate).


Question: Maximum punishment that can be awarded by second class judicial magistrate cou

Judicial Magistrate (Second Class) can pass sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding 1 year or of fine not exceeding 5000, or both Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 5


Question: Transmission rate of HIV by needlestick injury in health professionals is

AUTOPSY OF A CASE OF AIDS AND INFECTIONS Universal Work Precautions: (1) All infected bodies should be wrapped and tied in double layer tough plastic bag, with a red colour tag mentioning "Biologically Hazardous". The label should mention the name, age, sex, registration number, etc. (2) Workers who have exudative lesions or weeping dermatitis or external injury should not handle AIDS victims. (3) Proper protective clothing, full sleeves overalls instead of simple surgical gowns, water-proof plastic apron, head cap, face mask, goggles if eye glasses are not worn, double gloves (heavy autopsy gloves over surgical gloves), waterproof rubber gumboots of knee length with shoe covers. A plastic visor will protect eyes and mucosal surfaces from splash injury. A high efficiency paiculate air- filled respirator or a powered air-purifying respirator should be worn. ( 4) Handling sharp instruments: Avoid accidental pricks and cuts from needles, scalpels, etc. If a cut is made in the rubber gloves or needle injury occurs they should be removed immediately and replaced with new ones. Hands and other skin surfaces should be washed immediately and thoroughly if contaminated with blood or other body fluids. Infection of AIDS can be acquired by transdermal inoculation through cuts and needle punctures. About 0.3 to 0.5% of individuals will become seropositive. Transmission rates from contaminated needle punctures or close contact are 10 to 30 times higher for serum hepatitis than for AIDS. The incident should be repoed to proper authority to get their blood check for HIV seropositivity. (5) Handling specimens for laboratory examination: Mucocutaneous contact with the body fluids, and aerosol inhalation should be avoided. They should be properly labelled andfilled with 10% formalin solution and should be handled with gloved hands. (6) Disposal of used instruments: They should be dipped in 20% glutaraldehyde (cidox) for half-an-hour, washed with soap or detergent and water, dried and then rinsed in methylated spirit and air dried. (7) All soiled gauze and cotton, etc. should be collected in a double plastic bag for incineration. (8) Laundry material, such as aprons, towels, etc. should be soaked in one percent bleach for half-an-hour, washed with detergent and hot water, and autoclaved. (9) Clean- up procedure: Wear new intact disposable gloves. Small spatters and spills of blood and other body fluids can be wiped up with disposable tissues o1* towels which are discarded in special bio-hazard bags and properly disposed. The autopsy table and floor should be cleaned with one percent bleach solution, followed by washing with soap and water. (10) Disinfectants: 1:10 dilution of common household bleach or a freshly prepared sodium hypochlorite solution are recommended. Liquid chemical germicides commonly used in health care facilities and laboratories are effective against HIV. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-121,122


Question: Percolating of blood to the lateral aspect of head behind the ear is indicative of

Black eye( Raccoon's sign) in case of anterior cranial fossa fracture, extravasation of blood around the eye and in the periorbital tissue can be observed. It is due to percolation of blood to the periorbital tissue. This is called black eye. Battle's sign in case of middle cranial fossa fracture, there may be percolation of blood to the lateral aspect of head behind the dark which is called Battle's sign Cullen's sign Ectopic bruise around umbilicus in extraperitoneal or intra abdominal bleed or rupture ectopic pregnancy or acute pancreatitis. Grey -Turner's sign Ectopic bruise at flank in retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 117


Question: Tattooing colors the skin permanently because pigmented dyes are injected into the

The dermis is highly vascular and glandular and contains many nerve endings and hair follicles. Dermis has two layers: (i ) Upper layer called the stratum papillarosum (papillary layer), which is in contact with the epidermis. Numerous projections (papillae) extend from this layer into the epidermis. Papillae form the base for the friction ridges on the fingers and toes. (ii ) The lower layer is called stratum reticularosum. Tattooing colors the skin permanently because the pigmented dyes are injected below the mitotic basal layer into the dermis Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th edition; Page no: 214


Question: A dead body is found to have mark like "branching of tree in front of chest. The most likely cause of death is

Burns from lightning may appear in the form of 'arborescent markings' on the surface of the skin, looking like branches of a tree.Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 161


Question: Cruelty of Mrs. X for dowry by her husband Mr. Y and in Laws is Punishable under

Sec 498 A IPC- Subjecting a married woman to cruelty by husband or in laws. Sec 320 IPC- Grievous Hu - Definition Sec 304 A IPC- Death caused by rash and negligent act - 2 yrs. Sec 304 B IPC- Dowry death: death of a female within 7 yrs of marriage.


Question: A child under 7 years of age is incapable of committing an offence comes under

An act which is done by a child under 7 years of age is not an offence S.82, I.P.C. A child between 7 and 12 years is presumed to be capable of committing an offence if he attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge the nature and consequences of his conduct on that occasion.S.83.I.P.C. The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by Dr. k.S. Narayan Reddy 29th edition page no: 49.


Question: Marking nut is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Semicarpus anacardium Semicarpus anacardium (marking nut or bhilawan)* Its seed are heart shaped, conical and black with acrid oily juice which is brownish but turns black on exposure to air. Active principles are semecarpol and bhilawanol.* Juice applied to skin produces irritation, painful blisters followed by itching and eczema. Therefore it is used to produce artificial bruises.* It is also used by washerman to mark clothes.


Question: A 35 year old man is brought to you dressed in woman's clothing. On fuher questioning you find that he gets sexual pleasure from doing so. It is a case of

Transvestism /Eonism Disorder characterized by recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors involving cross-dressing. Sexual gratification is obtained by wearing the dress of opposite sex for sexual excitement. It is usually seen in males They collect items of distinct feminine look and feel, like nightgowns, slips, bras, lingerie, stockings and pantyhose, and may dress in these feminine garments and take photographs of themselves while living out their secret fantasies.


Question: The best specimen used for toxicological analysis in embalmed body is

The best specimen used for toxicological analysis in embalmed body is SKELETAL MUSCLE FROM BUTTOCK In embalmed body its very difficult to detect volatile poisons.


Question: Cephalic index is used for

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Race Cephalic index, height index & nasal index are used for determination of race. Cephalic index = maximum breadth of skull/ maximum length of skull x 100 Type of skull Cephalic index Race Dolichocephalic (long headed) 70 - 75 Pure Aryan, Aborigines, Negroes Mesaticephalic (medium headed) 75 - 80 Europeans and Chinese Brachycephalic (sho headed) 80- 85 Mongolian


Question: Necrosis of PCT is caused by

Action of phenol phenol has both local and systemic action. Locally city acts as a corrosive and after absorption it possesses necrotic effects. Phenol is protoplasmic poison. It combines with proteins and denatures it. It deeply penetrates the tissues and produces necrosis. After absorption it causes capillary damage and clotting in superficial vessels. It also acts on the CNS, hea and kidney. It affects the proximal convoluted tubules and causes renal failure. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 413


Question: Most common hymen tear in sexual assault is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Posterolateral * In virgin rupture (tears) of hymen due to sudden stretching occurs in posterior half of membrane usually at the sides (i.e. posterolaterally) in 4 or 8'0 clock or 5 or 7'0 clock position, or in the midline of hymen (6'0 clock position).* Posterolateral rupture is more common than posterior rupture.Position of rupture of hymenReason of rupture5 - 7 O'clockSexual intercourse11-1 O'clockMasturbation


Question: Entry wound kind of depression will be seen in

Entry wound kind of depression will be seen in Inversion Pond's fracture / Indented fracture - Fracture of Elastic skull Seen in infants During forceps delivery


Question: Gutter fracture is due to

Bullet striking on the skull but not entering it: Bullet may tangentially touch the skull and doesn't enter the skull cavity . In such a case , there may be a gutter that is produced on the skull- Gutter fracture ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 154


Question: Subpubic angle in female is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., 90 degrees PELVISTraitMaleFemale1) Bony frameworkMassive, rougher, marked muscle sites. Stands higher and more erect.Less massive, slender, smoother.Less muscle marking.2) GeneralDeep funnel.Flat bowl.3) IliumLess vertical; curve of iliac crest reaches higher level and is more prominent.More vertical; distance between iliac crests is less; iliac fossae shallow; curves of crest well marked.4) Preauricular sulcus (attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament)Not frequent; narrow, shallow.More frequent, broad and deep5) AcetabulumLarge, 52 mm. in diameter; directed laterallySmall, 46 mm. in diameter; directed anterolaterally.6) Obturator foramenLarge, often oval with base upwardsSmall, triangular with apex forwards.7) Greater sciatic notchSmaller, narrower, deeper.Larger, wider, shallower.8) Illeo-pectineal lineWell marked and rough.Rounded and smooth.9) Ischial tuberosityInvertedEverted; more widely separated10) Body of pubisNarrow, tirangular, thick; short is chial ramus.Broad, square; ischial ramus is lengthened and narrowed; pits on posterior surface if borne children.11) Ramus of pubisIt is like continuation of body of pubis.Has a constricted or narrowed appearance and is short and thick.12) Ischiopubic ramiMore everted, thicker and rougher.Less everted, thinner and smoother.13) SymphysisHigher, bigger and narrow in width.Margins of pubic arch everted.Lower, wider and rounded, margins of pubic arch not everted; distance between two pubic tubercles greater. The dorsal border is irregular and shows depressions or pits (scars of parturition).14) Subpubic angleV-shaped, sharp angle 70deg to 75deg.U-shaped, rounded, broader angle 90deg to 100deg15) Pelvic brim or inletHeart-shapedCircular or elliptical; more spacious; diameters longer.16) Pelvic cavityConical and funnel-shapedBroad and round17) Pelvic outletSmallerLarger18) Sacroiliac articulationLarge, extends to 2 1/2 to 3 vertebrae.Small, oblique, extends to 2 to 2 1/2 vertebrae.19) Sacroliliac joint surfaceLarge and less sharply angulated.L-shaped and elevated anteriorly.20) SacrumLonger, nanrower, with more evenly distributed curvature; promontory well marked. Body of first sacral vertebra larger.Shorter, wider; upper half almost straight, curve forward in lower half; promontory less marked.Body of first sacral vertebra small.21) CoccyxLess movableMore movable22) Ischiopubic index73 to 9491 to 115 Public length in mm.------------------Ischial length in mm.x 100 23) Sciatic notch index4 to 55 to 6 Width of notch index------------------Depth of sciatic notchx 100 24) Pubic ramus ratio1:12 : 1 or greater

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: In an act of tribadism, the active paner is known as AIIMS 12; COMEDK 14


Question: A laceration on the scalp is mistaken for

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Incised wound LACERATIONS (Tear or Rupture)* Lacerations are tears or splits of skin, mucous membrane and underlying tissue (e.g., muscle or internal organs). Lacerations are produced by application of blunt force to broad area of the body, which crush or stretch tissues beyond the limits of their elasticity. Localized portions of tissue are displaced by the impact of the blunt force, which sets up traction forces and causes tearing of tissues. Features of lacerations arei) Hair and hair bulb, nerves and blood vessels are crushed - There may be paralysis (nerve crushed) and hemorrhage is not pronounced (blood vessels crushed).ii) Site of injury is the site of impact.iii) Shape of injury is irregular, margins are irregular and contused/abraded and show tags of tissue.iv) Size of injury does not corresponds to impacting surface.* There are following types of laceration: -1) Split laceration: Splitting occurs by crushing of skin between two hard objects. Blunt force on areas where the skin is close to rigid structures like bone with scanty subcutaneous tissue, may produce a wound that by linear splitting of tissue may look like incised wound, i.e., incised like or incised looking wound. Examples of such area are scalp, eye brows, cheek bones (zygomatic), lower jaw, iliac crest, perineum and skin. A wound produced by a fall on knee or elbow with limb flexed and by a sharp stone also simulates incised wound.2) Strech lacerations: Overstretching of the skin, if it is fixed, will cause laceration, for example, by kicking, sudden deformity of bone occurs after fracture, making it compound.3) Avulsion (shearing laceration): An avulsion is a laceration produced by sufficient force (shearing force) delivered at an acute angle to detach (tear off) a portion of a traumatized surface or viscus from its attachment, the shearing and grinding force by a weight. Flaying is type of avulsion in which shearing and grinding force by weight (such as of lorry wheel passing over a limb) may produce avulsion (separation of skin from underlying tissue/degloving of a large area).4) Tears: Tears of the skin and tissues can occur from imact by a against irregular or semi-sharp objects, such as door handle of a car. This is another form of overstretching.5) Cut laceration: Cut lacerations may be produced by a heavy sharp edged instrument.


Question: Exhibitionism is punishable under

294 IPC - Obscene acts and songs - 3 months with or without fine or both 293 IPC - Sale of obscene objects to young person 292 IPC - Sale of obscene books, etc 304 IPC - Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder


Question: Telefono is...

Beating of the ears These are all methods of toure Telefono is slapping on the sides of the head over ears by open palms. This may cause rupture of the ear drum. Falanga - is beating on the soles of the feet by canes or rods. Wet submarino (Latino) - forced immersion of head in water often contaminated with urine or faeces. Dry subnzarino - tying of a plastic bag over the head up to the point of suffocation. Cattle prod - electric shock are given using high voltage current. Black slave - heated metal skewer inseed into the anus.

Forced immersion of head until stage of suffocation


Question: The inflicted weapon should be

- The stab injury shows acute angles at both ends, which are suggestive of double edged weapon. If a double edged weapon is used, the wound will be elliptical or slit-like and both angles will besharp or pointed. If the knife penetrates to full length up to the guard, one or both edges maybe blunt. - In case of single edged knife wound is wedge shaped sometimes blunt edge of knife can harm the skin giving it a tail like appearance which is known as FISH TAIL. -In case of screwdriver the wound is slit-like with squared ends and abraded margins. - In case of ice pick the wound is circular in shape


Question: Motorcyclist fracture among the following is

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Fracture base of skull into anterior & posterior halves The fracture of base of skull dividing it into two halves (anterior & posterior), each moving independently of each other like a hinge is specifically called as motor cyclist fracture.The fracture line runs across through the pituitary fossa and along the petrous temporal bones.It's a fatal injury & occurs in many types of road accidents or due to a very heavy impact on one side of the head.

Fracture base of skull into anterior & posterior halves.


Question: Disrobing a women comes under

354 A Sexual assault 354 B Disrobing a woman in a public place 354 C Voyeurism punishment 354 D Stalking punishment


Question: Casper's Dictum is used for


Question: Emeris is contraindicated in


Question: Code of conduct means

Warning notice (Code of conduct) It is the general guide line for doctors for things that they should not do in their professional career. The council from time to time issue a list of unethical practices that a medical professional should not do and if otherwise, will amount to serious professional misconduct. This is called warning notice. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 374

General guidelines for doctors for things that they should not do in their professional career

Guidelines to improve the standard of medical education


Question: Cyanide poisoning antidote

Cyanide Antidotes :

Eli lilly antidote.
Sodium nitrite,Amyl nitrite,Sodium thoisulphate.
Cyanokit(Hydroxycobalamin).
Kdocyanor(Dicobalt edetate).


Question: Lucid interval is seen in

(C) Insanity # Lucid Interval: This is a period occurring in insanity, during which all symptoms of insanity disappear completely.> The individual is able to judge his acts soundly, and he becomes legally liable for his acts.> The period of lucid interval varies from person to person & from time to time in the same person & as such one cannot be certain about the time when a person passes again in the state of insanity.


Question: The smell of bitter almonds is seen in poisoning with

Cyanide sometimes is described as having a "bitter almond" smell Garlic odor: Thallium Organophosphate Toxicity Arsenic Poisoning Dimethyl Sulfoxide Sulfur Mustard Phosphite Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 554


Question: A person is responsible for his crime even if done under the influence of alcohol after becoming intoxicated with his own will, comes under


Question: Gettler's test is positive in

B i.e. Drowning Gettler test is done for drowningQ. Gettler's test estimate chloride content of blood from both sides of hea - Normally the chloride content is equal in the right & left chambers of the hea 600 mg/100 ml). In fresh water drowning due to hemodilutione the chloride content is decreasedQ and in Salt water drowning due to hemoconcentrationQ the chloride content is increased in left side of heaQ - A 25% difference in chloride is significant but the test is of ,fintlitnt/ - Limitations of Gettler test 1. No value in atypical drowningQ; congenital cardiac defectsQ as shunts & patent foramen ovale; and if drowning medium contains same amount of chlorideQ 2. There is progressive loss of Cl- from blood after death. Therefore the test has to be made within a reasonably sho time after deathQ


Question: Inquest in dowry death is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Magistrate inquest * Magistrate's inquest is done under sec 176 CrPC is case ofi) Death in prison, reformatories, Borstal school.v) Death due to police firing ii) Death in police costody while under police interrogation.vi) Exhumation.iii) Death in psychiatry hospital.vii) Custodial rape.iv) Dowry death; i.e. death of a married female less than 30 years of age or death within 7 years of marriage* Police inquest is done in cases ofi) Death by suicideii) Death by killing by another person (murder) or an animal or machineryiii) Death by accidentiv) Death under circumstances raising a reasonable suscpicion that some other person has commited an offence.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Res indicata suggest the case against doctor should be filled within

Res indicata The case against the doctor should be filed within 2 years from the date of alleged negligence. After the stipulated time, a case of negligence cannot be filed. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 382


Question: Hasse rule is related to(Kerala 2007repeat)

Ans) a (Age of fetus) Ref: Reddy 27th ed p68Rule of Hasse-It is used for calculating the age of the foetus. In the first five months of pregnancy the square root of crown rump length gives the approximate age of foetus in months.In the last five months the length in centimeters divided by 5 gives the age in months.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn