Question: Unnatural sexual offences are punished under

Sodomy, Bestiality are some examples of unnatural sexual offences, they are punished under 377 IPC.


Question: Yellow Phosphorous is preserved in

Phosphorus occurs in two forms, namely yellow or white, and red. The yellow phosphorus is highly toxic. It is waxy, translucent and white. When exposed to air, it becomes yellow. It is not soluble in water. So, for preservation purposes, it is kept under water. When exposed to air, it emits fumes of phosphorus trioxide as a result of oxidation. It is also used in fireworks, gunpowder, and incendiary ammunition.Red phosphorus is stable at room temperature and is not oxidized as yellow phosphorus does. It is used in matchbox industry. It is not present on heads of matchsticks but on sides of matchbox along with the powdered glass. The heads of safety match sticks contain potassium chlorate and antimony sulfide.Ref: RK Sharma; 3rd edition; Chapter 31; Page no: 252


Question: Diatoms are seen in

B. i.e. (Drowning) (3.69 - Parikh 6th)DIATOMS - is unicellular algae**, have silicaceous cell wall (Best site of sample - Bone marrow in femur**)* **Since diatoms resist putrefaction, diatom test may have some value in examination of decomposed bodies* The test is negative in dead bodies thrown in water and in dry drowning (Tissues from brain, liver and BM)*Gettler's Test used in Drowning to estimate the chloride content of blood from both sides of the heart Diagnostic features of drowning - is fine white latheary tenacious froth or foam rarely tinged with blood (other causes are - chest - compression, opium poisoning, slow asphyxia. Putrefaction).i. Cutis - anserine** - goose - skin or goose flesh - the granular and puckered appearance of the skin and "pataufs hemorrhage"**ii. Washer - woman *s hand - the slan of the hands or feat shows bleached, corrugated and sodden appearance* Commonest type of Drowning is - Suicidal**


Question: Cherry red colour of blood is seen in poisoning with

Colour of death by poisoning: Cyanide- bright red Carbon monoxide - cherry red Carbon dioxide- deep blue Phosphorus, copper- dark brown Hydrogen sulphide- bluish green Opiates- black Nitrite, aniline, potassium chlorate, nitrobenzene, potassium bicarbonate- chocolate brown or coffee brown. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR P C IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 24


Question: Condition to promote adipocere formation is

Factors facilitating formation of adipocere: Bodies covered with thick cloth and placed in air tight coffins Humid and warm atmosphere Stagnant air. Body pas where there is excess body fat Bodies buried in marshy places or clayey soil Bodies lying in deep stagnant water. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 37


Question: A person incapacitated by drug, disease, alcohol, etc lie with the upper poion of body lower than rest of the body causes

Postural asphyxia The condition where a person incapacitated by drug, diseases or alcohol, etc lie with the upper poion of the body lower than rest of the body pas. The common example is a drunk who slides out of bed so that his head and adjoining areas hang down from edge and the remaining body is resting at a upper level. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 119


Question: "Dry submarine" in custodial injuries refer to

Suffocation: Near-suffocation may occur by means of a plastic bag placed over the head of the victim ('dry submarine'). Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 193


Question: 'Falanga' is

TOURE METHODS: The methods of toure are wide and varying. (I) PHYSICAL ABUSE : (1) Beating is the commonest form. Fist, foot or an instrument, such as lathi, metal or wooden bars, whips, belts, cycle chains, etc., are used. The usual target is the back, but injuries may be seen on almost any pa of the body. Abrasions, contusions, lacerations and fractures may be found. Bruises in abdominal wall and rupture of internal organs may be seen. Poking with stick, baton, rod, etc. is common. (2) Falanga (faiaka, bastinado): In this canes or rods are used to beat on the soles of the feet, or rarely to the palms of the hands or hips, which is very painful and debilitating. Contusions are found deep in the tissues. Faint red lines may be seen, and often hyperpigmentation along the lines of injury. Aseptic necrosis may occur. (3) Telefono: It consists of repeated slapping of the sides of the head (over ears) by the open palms of the assailant. This may cause rupture of ear drums and injury to the inner ear. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-297,298


Question: In camera trial of a rape case hearing is done under

Sec. 327 (2) CrPC In-camera trial: Trial of rape case are to be held in camera by a woman Judge/ Magistrate, if available Sec. 357 (C) CrPC All hospitals (including private), should provide medical treatment to the rape victims. Private hospitals cannot refuse treatment to rape victims Police intimation to be made immediately Free of cost treatment.


Question: Whiplash injury of spine is due to

Whiplash injury This injury classically occurs in an occupant of a vehicle due to sudden acceleration which causes sudden extension followed by flexion. There may be fracture dislocation of cervical veebrae. Both accrleaccele and deceleration injuries are included in the category of whiplash injury. Hyperextension injuries are common. Whiplash injuries are common in front seat occupants. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 178


Question: Earliest sign of putrefaction is

(D) Discoloration in right iliac fossa# The first external sign of putrefaction in a body lying in air is usually a greenish discoloration of the skin over the region of the caecum, which lies fairly superficially, and where the contents of the bowel are more fluid and full of bacteria.> Internally, putrefaction is seen on the undersurface of the liver, where that organ is in contact with the transverse colon.> The color results from the conversion of hemoglobin of blood into sulphonate haemoglobin by the hydrogen sulphide formed in large intestine and escaping into the surrounding tissues.


Question: Sexual gratification is obtained by inflicting injuries to sexual paner in

Sadisim In sadism, the sexual gratification is obtained by inflicting injuries on the sexual paner. It is most commonly seen in men. To obtain sexual gratification, the sadist may bite , whip, beat, or produce cut injuries on the sexual paner Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: In Breslau's second life test, organ tested is

D i.e. Stomach & Intestine Breslau's second life (or Stomach Bowel) test says that air will be swallowed & so may pass into stomach & small intestine when respiration establishes.


Question: The principle 'respondent superior' is applied by

Vicarious liability Responsibility lies on the superior for the negligent action of his subordinate who is supposed to work under the guidance of the superior. The principle applied is called 'respondent superior' which means 'let the master answer' .To apply this principle, There must be an employer employee relationship to be established. The employee's conduct should occur within the scope of his employment. The negligence occurs during while on job. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 381


Question: Atropine is not used in the poisoning of

Atropine is used ar antidote in argaphosphones and orgarocholorine poisnonings.
Through endrin does not have a specific antidote,atropine is particulorly contraindicated in pyrethroid poisonings.
The major component of baygon is pynethroids(Cyfleathrin ,Thansfluthrin,Prallithrin).
Atropine and oximes both are contraindicated in pyrethroid poisonings.
Atropine should not be used beacuse it could exacerbate the CNS stimulatory effects and tachycardia in there cases.


Question: Feature of ante moem drowning is

Cadaveric spasm Weed paicles, twigs, leaves, etc may be seen firmly grasped in hands due to cadaveric spasm. This indicates that the person was alive when entered the water and was struggling. Cadaveric spasm with weed paicles in hand can be taken as a definite ante-moem sign of drowning. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 264


Question: Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder is covered under


Question: Anaemia, punctate basophilia, constipation blue line and abdominal colic are characreristic of


Question: Savila dribbling from mouth is characteristic of

Saliva may be found dribbling from the angle of mouth when the head is dropped forward. This is due to the increased salivation before death caused by stimulation of the salivary gland by the ligature. Hence it is an antemoem hanging feature Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology. Dr. K.S Narayan Reddy. 28th edition pg: 180


Question: Rule of Hasse is used to determine

A i.e. The age of fetus Rule of Hasse is used to determine the age of fetus from its crown to heel length (in cm).Q


Question: Chemical constituent of cigarette lighter used for volatile substance abuse is

CIGARETTE LIGHTER - BUTANE Fluorocarbon - AEROSOLS Acetone - GLUES, DYES, NAIL POLISH REMOVER Toluene - ACRYLIC PAINTS


Question: Sin of Gomorrah is another name for

BUCCAL COITUS OR COITUS PER OS OR SIN OF GOMORRAH: The male organ is introduced into the mouth of another male or female usually children. Rarely faint teeth marks and abrasions may be present on the penis. Death may occur due to aspiration of semen, or impaction of the penis in the respiratory tract or stomach. Buccal swabs should be taken which are useful only up to 9 hours. REF: THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY 29th edition page no: 225.


Question: Identical twins can be differentiated by

* Among twins, the DNA fingerprint will show same pattern * But the fingerprint pattern is different even in identical twins. * The Fingerprint patterns are not inherited and paternity cannot be proved through fingerprint patterns. * The fingerprint patterns are distinctive and permanent in individuals. Ref:- Essentials of Forensic medicine Dr KS narayana Reddy 33th Edition; Pg num:- 86


Question: The commonest cause of hymen rupture is

Causes of Rupture of Hymen i. Sexual intercourse: Commonest cause of defloration. ii. Masturbation, especially with some large foreign body. Hymen is not injured in most cases, as manipulation is usually limited to pas anterior to the hymen. iii. An accident, like fall on a projecting substance or by slipping on the furniture or fence. It does not rupture by jumping, riding, vigorous exercise and dancing. iv. Gynecological examination or surgical operation. v. Foreign body inseion for rendering minors fit for sexual intercourse. (sola pith ) vi. Sanitary tampons.

Impotency, Virginity, pregnancy & aboion


Question: Achieving sexual gratification by seeing the private pas of opposite sex is seen in

Voyeurism or Scoptophilia This is a perversion in which the sexual gratification is obtained by seeing the private pas of the opposite sex or watching sexual intercourse. More common in males. This is so called ''peeping Tom" According to Sec354C of IPC voyeurism is punishable. Whoever watches or capture images of a woman who is engaged in a private act, shall be punished with imprisonment up to 3 years, and in subsequent act up to 7 years. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 313


Question: Sample of spinal cord is preserved in suspected poisoning with

Preservation of viscera: In ceain cases of poisoning, the following are preserved. (1) Hea: strychnine, digitalis, yellow oleander. (2) Brain: 100 gm. of cerebrum or cerebellum: alkaloids, organophosphorus compounds, opiates, CO, cyanide, strychnine, barbituratesanaesthetics and volatile organic poisons. (3) Spinal cord entire length: strychnine and gelsemium. (4) C.S.F.: alcohol. (5) Bile: It is best removed by puncturing the gall bladder in situ. Narcotic drugs, cocaine, methadone, glutathione, barbiturates and some tranquilisers. (6) Vitreous humour: alcohol, chloroform, cocaine, morphine, tricyclic antidepressants, etc. (7) Lung: one lung in gaseous poisons, hydrocyanic acid, alcohol, chloroform. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-125


Question: Sexual gratification obtained by wearing dresses of opposite sides in

TRANSVESTISM In this type of sexual perversion, sexual satisfaction is obtained by wearing clothes of the opposite sex. His whole personality is dominated to be identified as a member of the opposite sex. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: Characteristic postmortem finding of carbolic acid poisoning is

Stomach mucosa :

Sulphuric acid : Charred / Black  / blottin paper stomach
Copper sulphate : Bluish green
Ferrous sulphate : Green
Arsenic : pink velvety mucosa / strawberry
Nitric acid : yellow
Carbolic acid : White leathery stomach.


Question: Fetishism is sexual gratification by

FETISHISMThe hallmark of fetishism is long-standing compulsive sexual interest in nonliving objects that are used to generate sexual excitement. In the ordinary human life, males do repo having interest and attraction to object worn by their sexual paners such as brassieres, panties, gaer belts, hose, and boots/socks, etc. However, fetishism is an extreme exaggeration of an attachment to objects and the individual may go to extremes to obtain fetishistic objects (e.g., breaking into houses to steal the things/objects).Ref: Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th edition; Chapter 29 Forensic Psychiatry; Page no: 425


Question: The average length of a full term child will be about


Question: Phassy jaw is caused by

Phossy Jaw is produced by chronic white phosphorus poisoning.


Question: Preservation of brain is not required in


Question: Section 174 Cr.P.C. deals with

Ans. a (Inquest). (Ref. Parikh, Textbook of FMT, 5th/5)INQUEST (legal or judicial inquiry to ascertain matter of fact). : Section 174 Cr.P.C. -# When a person dies it is necessary to determine the cause of death either natural or unnatural to meet with the requirement of law.# In forensic, an inquest generally means an inquiry into the ca use of death (not due to natural cause).# Types of inquest in India:- Coroner's inquest (Mumbai and culcutta)- Police inquest- Magistrate inquest# Coroner's inquest was abolished in India in the year: 1999.# The most common type of inquest in India: Police inquest.# In India, inquest is NOT carried out by: Doctor# In case of death in prison, inquest can be conducted by: Executive Magistrate.# Supposed to be the best inquest internationally: Medical examiner's inquest.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Plant penicillin is


Question: Choking is seen in

(C) (Shotgun) (4, 33- Parikh 6th)* Choking is the constrictive device present at the muzzle end of the shotgun.* Stallete wound may be seen in - contact wound bullet entry wound*.* Tracer bullet leaves a visible mark so that a person can see it.* Destructive power of bullet is determined by - velocity of bullet.Smokeless powderBlack powder or smoke producing powder* Single base - Nitrocellulose (Gun cotton)* Double base - Nitroglycerine plus nitrocellulose *** Triple base - Nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose and nitroguanidineConsists of* Potassium nitrate 75%* Sulphur* Charcoal10%15%One gram of powder produces 3000 to 4500 cc of gas that consists of CO, CO2 nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen, methane etc.* Gunpowder and/ or soot on heavily blood stained (or dark coloured) garments can be visualized by Infra red photography


Question: Suggilation means

Synonyms of livor mois: Lividity Hypostasis Vibices Cadaveric lividity Suggillation


Question: The first permanent tooth to appear is

A i.e. First molar First temporary (primary) teeth to appear is Lowere central incisorQ; and first permanent (secondary) teeth to appear is Pt molarQ.


Question: In Primary dentition tooth eruption, the earliest tooth to erupt is

(A) Central incisor # PRIMARY TEETH typically erupt in the following order: (1) central incisor, (2) lateral incisor, (3) first molar, (4) canine, and (5) second molar. As a general rule, four teeth erupt for every six months of life, mandibular teeth erupt before maxillary teeth, and teeth erupt sooner in females than males. During primary dentition, the tooth buds of permanent teeth develop below the primary teeth, close to the palate or tongue.# PERMANENT TEETH in the maxilla erupt in a different order from permanent teeth on the mandible. Maxillary teeth erupt in the following order: (1) first molar (2) central incisor, (3) lateral incisor, (4) first premolar, (5) second premolar, (6) canine, (7) second molar, and (8) third molar. Mandibular teeth erupt in the following order: (1) first molar (2) central incisor, (3) lateral incisor, (4) canine, (5) first premolar, (6) second premolar, (7) second molar, and (8) third molar. Since there are no premolars in the primary dentition, the primary molars are replaced by permanent premolars.


Question: Privation of any member of joint is

Grievous hu (sec 320 IPC) According to this section, any of the following injuries are grievous injuries: Emasculation Permanent privation of sight of either eye Permanent privation of hearing of either ear Privation of any member or joint Permanent impairing of power of any member or joint Permanent disfiguration of head or face. Fracture or dislocation of bone or tooth Any hu which endangers life , or which causes the victim to be in severe bodily or unable to follow his ordinary pursuits for a period of 20 days Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 218


Question: In salicylate poisoning, the treatment recommended

A salicylate poisoning, forced alkaline diuresis is used.


Question: Statutory rape is

Statutory Rape is defined in Section 375 of Indian Penal Code, (amendment of 2013) which states that "any male, who does an intercourse with any female who is below the age of 18, with or without her consent will be constituting a Statutory Rape". Circumstances falling under any of the following seven descriptions are considered rape under 375 IPC Against her will. Without her consent. With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested, in fear of death or of hu. With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married. With her consent when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome Substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent. With or without her consent, when she is under eighteen years of age. When she is unable to communicate consent. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 46,309

Sexual intercourse with wife, without consent


Question: Leading questions are permitted only in

(Cross examinations): Ref 1.11-P, 13-MCROSS-EXAMINATION- May be regarded as the most reliable procedure for testing the value of an evidence, and is held by the counsel for the accused.The main objectives of cross-examination are* To elicit facts favourable to his case* To test the accuracy of the statements made by the witness* To shift, modify or explain what has been said* To discredit the witness* To remove an undue or unwarned emphasis* In cross examination, leading questions are permitted and the witness should be very cautious in answering them* Cross examination acts as a double edged sword* There is no time limit for examination

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Crural index is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Length of tibia/femur x 100 Race determination of skeletonA) Cephalic Index (Cl)# Cephalic index is defined as the index of breadth of skullCephalic index =Max. breadth of skull--------------------Max. AP length of skullx 100# Based of cephalic index races are clasified into following three1) Dolichocephalic (longheaded): Cephalic index is 70-75 and is a feature of Caucasions, PureAryan (Indians), Aborigines, and Negroes.2) Mesaticephalic (medium headed): Cephalic index is 75-80 and is a feature of Europeans, and Chinese.3) Brachycephalic (short headed): Cephalic index is more than 80 and is a feature of MongolianB) Brachial Index# Brachial index is defined asBrachial index =Lenght of radius----------------Lenght of humerusx 100# Brachial index is 74.5 in Europeans and 78.5 in Negroes.C) Crural index# It is defined asCrural index =Lenght of tibia------------Lenght of femurx 100# Crural index is 83.3 in Europeans and 86.2 in Negroes.D) Humero-femoral index (HF index)# It is defined asHumero-femoral index =Lenght of humerus----------------Lenght of femurx 100# It is 69 in Europeans and 72.4 in Negroes.E) Intermembral index# It isIntermembral index =Lenght of radius + humerus------------------------Lenght of tibia + femurx 100# It is almost same (70) in Europeans and Negroes.F) Orbit# It is square in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. It is triangular in Chinese and Europeans. It is 'rounded' in Mongols.G) Nasal opening# It is broad in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. It is narrow and elongated in Chinese and Europeans. It is 'rounded' in Mongols.H) Palate# Palate is rectangular in Pure Aryans (Indians), Negroes, and Arborigines. It is triangular in Chinese and Europeans. It is rounded (or horse shoe shaped) in Mongols.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Lillys antidote does not contain

Lillys antidote Used for cyanide poisoning. Composition Sodium nitrite Amyl nitrite Sodium Thiosulfate


Question: Sweating is Not present in

Heat stroke Exposure to high environmental temperatures can lead to following conditions ? I . Heat fatigue - Performance of a person decreases due to high environmental temperatures. The person gets tired early d/t high temp. 2. Heat cramps - these are painful spasms of voluntary muscles following strenous work in hot conditions, These cramps are caused by loss of water and salt from profuse sweating. 3. Heat syncope (heat exhaustion, heat collapse) - It is a condition of collapse without increase in body temperature, following exposure to hot and humid atmosphere. - On examination,. face is pale, .skin cold, the temperature subnormal - The pt. usually recovers when placed at rest. Death is unusual and may occur d/t hea failure. 4. Heat stroke - (heat hyperpyrexia, sub stroke) - It is due to impairment of body's heat regulating mechanism caused by failure of cutaneous circulation & sweating, following prolonged exposure to hot, humid conditions. - The onset is usually sudden with sudden collapse and loss of consciousness. Predominant symptoms may also be seen (i.e. headache, nausea, vomitting, dizziness, mental confusion, muscle cramps, excessive thirst, excessive desire to micturate) - The skin is dry, hot and flushed with complete absence of sweating - Body temperature rises as high as 43degC (hence k/a hyperpyrexia) when body temp. rises above 42degC vasodilation occurs with decrease in blood volume leading to circulatory collapse and cardiac failure. - Delirium and convulsions may precede death. - Moality rate in this condition is relatively high. - Fatal period varies from few minutes to 3 days.


Question: Not a feature of brain death

The structural and functional damage of brain-stem may be diagnosed depending upon the following observations: Dilated fixed pupils, not responding to sharp changes in intensity of incident light. Absence of motor responses within the cranial nerve distribution on painful stimulation. Absence of corneal reflexes. Absence of vestibulo-ocular reflexes. Absence of gag reflex or reflex response to bronchial stimulation by a suction-catheter passed down the trachea. Absence of spontaneous breathing. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 75


Question: The non poisoning salt of cyanide is

Potassium ferrocyanide is non-poisonous salt of cyanide.


Question: A dead born foetus does not have


Question: Lower end of the femur can help to determine the

A i.e. Age Dead born (intrauterine dead) child may show aseptic autolysis/maceration (most common & early feature, seen in fresh > 24 hr ILTD), mummification (late feature seen in late IUD)Q, rigor mois (d/t antenatal hemorrhage after attaining 7 months age) Q, putrefaction (very rare) and adipocere formation (almost not seen)Q. - Spalding sign (radiological loss of alignment & overriding of skull bones) and Robe's sign (gas in great vessels & hea chamber) are seen in macerated (IUD) fetusQ. - Ossification centre of talus (1deg) at the end of 7 months and ossification centre of lower end of femur at end of 9 months if present indicate age of bility.


Question: Fracture ala signature is

Depressed fracture(Fracture ala signature):When a poion of fractured bone is driven inwards to a distance equivalent to the thickness of the skull table *Heavy weapon with a small striking surface Ex:- Hammer, stone, chopper * Due to local deformation of skull. * It is also called 'fracture ala signature' (signature fracture), as the shape often points towards the shape of the offending weapon. Gutter fracture: seen in oblique bullet wounds Ring fracture- Fracture around the foramen magnum


Question: In Ghon's technique of autops, organs are removed

Refer the byte "Autopsy technique and types".


Question: Punishment of Perjury is given by

* Sec 191 IPC Giving false evidence under oath (perjury definition) * Sec 192 IPC Fabricating false evidence * Sec 193 IPC Punishment for perjury (3-7 years) Ref:- Essentials of Forensic medicine Dr KS narayana Reddy 33th Edition; Pg num:- 13


Question: 509 IPC deals with

S. 509, I.P.C.: Whoever intending to insult the modesty of any woman, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment up to 3 years and also fine.


Question: A doctor is not held guilty of negligence if

Professional negligence: The failure to exercise reasonable care and skill of an ordinary prudent medical practitioner in the circumstances; a breach of duty to act with care appropriate to the situation, which resulted in bodily injury (harm/loss) or death of the patient.

He has exercised reasonable care and skill

He has not obtained informed consent from patient

Others sufferer disease from his patient


Question: Hyoid bone fracture does not occur in

Choking is a form of asphyxia caused by obstruction within the air-passages. There is no involvement of hyoid bone or its fracture since it is occuring within the airway. Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 189


Question: Stretch laceration is seen in

Stretch laceration These lacerations occur from over stretching of the skin and soft tissues due to heavy forceful impact exercising a localised pressure. Stretching of tissues can occur in run over by a motor vehicle. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 121


Question: IPC section for punishment for purjury is

Punishment for perjury is dealt under IPC 193 IPC 191-deals with perjury IPC 192-fabricating false evidence IPC 197-issuing or signaling false evidence Refer :textbook of Forensic Medicine and toxicology PG no 15,2nd edition


Question: Rigor mois can be simulated by


Question: Blue colour of bruise is due to

Age of contusion Time since injury Color change First day red(Hb) 2-3 days blue(deoxyHb) 4-5 days bluish black/brown(hemosiderin) 5-6 days greenish(hematoidin) 7-10 days yellow(bilirubin) By 14 days normal Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 118


Question: Punishment for dowry death is imprisonment for

Whoever commits dowry death shall be punished with imprisonment for a term that shall not be less than 7 years but that may extend to imprisonment for life Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 169


Question: Injury that comes under sec 320 IPC


Question: A patient with Pink color skin & mucosa , bitter almond smell from breath and frothy discharge. The cause of death is

Characteristic of Cyanide poisoning : patient present with Tachypnoea followed by bradypnoea, Cyanosis is generally a late finding and usually does not occur until circulatory collapse and tachycardia are evident. Brick-red colour of skin and mucous membranes is said to be characteristic. The skin feels cold and clammy to the touch patient also have CNS manifestation like Headache, anxiety, agitation, confusion, convulsions, and coma. Pupils are often dilated


Question: The aefact seen in a case of suicidal complete hanging is

Banding of the oesophagus is an aefact & non specific. These bands are pale areas in the mucosa caused by postmoem hypostasis being prevented from settling by the external pressure of larynx & trachea.


Question: " Phossy jaw" is caused by

Chronic Phosphorus Poisoning (Phossy Jaw/Glass Jaw/Lucifer's Jaw) : Due to inhalation of fumes over years. Tooth ache (earliest symptom) & swelling of the jaw Loosening of the teeth & Necrosis of lower jaw Sequestration of bone in the mandible & multiple sinuses discharging foul-smelling pus.


Question: Dermal nitrate test is done for


Question: Unexplained male hypersexuality is known as

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Satyriasis * Satyriasis: Incessant sexual desire.* Undinism: In this, the sexual pleasure is often obtained by witnessing the act of urination by someone of the same or opposite sex.* Frotteurism: Sexual satisfaction is obtained by rubbing against persons in crowd. If they attempt intercourse, they have a premature ejaculation or they are impotent. It is an uncommon perversion and rarely occurs alone.* Transvestism = Eonism: A transvestite (trans = opposite, vista = clothing) is a person whose whole personality is dominated by the desire of being identified with the opposite sex. His dress, manner, occupational interest, and associations are all designed to increase his feeling of being a woman. Many cases are associated with sadomasochism/bondage. There is no hormonal disturbance or genital abnormality.


Question: Brown colour of contusion is due to

age of contusion Time since injury Color change First day red(hemoglobin) 2-3 days blue (deoxyHb) 4-5 days bluish black/brown(hemosiderin) 5-6 days greenish(hematoidin) 7-10days yellow(bilirubin) By 14 days normal ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 118


Question: Hu Is defined under section

The synopsis of forensic medicine & toxicology;Dr k.s narayan reddy; 28th edition; pg.no. 154; Hu means bodily pain,disease or infirmity caused to any person (S.319,I.P.C.)


Question: Takayama test is to detect

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Nature of stain * The examination of blood and blood stains is an important part of crime detection. The points that are usually required to be determined regarding stains are: (1) nature of stain (whether the stains is blood or not); (2) the species (human or animal) from which the blood has come from; and (3) blood group.Nature of stain (whether the stain is blood or not)* To determine the nature of stain, following tests are used:1) Chemical tests# These tests are based on the peroxidase activity of haematin, which is, derived from oxidation of haem of haemoglobin or methemoglobin, present.# This enzyme, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide converts colourless salts into coloured bases.# Thus these tests are based on H2O2 and peroxidase enzyme. Tests are:i) Benzidine test: Greenish blue colour.ii) Phenolphthalein test (kastle myere test): Deep permanganate colour.iii) Leucomalachite green test: Bluish green or peacock blue colour.iv) Guaiacum test: Blue colour.v) Orthotoludine test (kohn test): Blue or green colour.vi) Amidopyrine test: Purple colour.2) Microchemical tests# These tests are based on property of haem part of hemoglobin to form characteristic coloured crystals.# The tests are:1) Teichmann's haemin crystal test.2) Takayama hemochromogen crystal test.3) Luminal spray test: It is especially useful in old obscure blood stains.3) Spetroscopy# It is most delicate and reliable test. It is based on the principle that hemoglobin and its derivatives give characteristic absorption bands when viewed through a spectroscope.4) Microscopy# Microscopic examination of RBCs is possible only in fresh stains.Detection of species (whether the blood has come from human or animal)* For detection of species, serological (immunological) tests are used. These tests are:1) Precipitin test2) Haemaglutination inhibition test (antiglobulin consumption test or absorption inhibition test).3) Gel diffusion test.4) Double diffusion test.5) Precipitation electrophoresis.6) Latex agglutination test.7) Isoenzyme method (enzymological test).Detection of blood group of blood stain* These tests are:1) Immunological (serological): (i) aborption-elution test, (ii) absorption-inhibition test, (iii) mixed agglutination test, (iv) latex test.2) Enzymological methods.3) Latte's crust method.


Question: Private Doctor refusing to treating a case of sexual offence and referring to govt hospital is

Treatment of rape victim and information to police: All hospitals, public or private, should immediately provide first-aid or medical treatment, free of cost, to the survivor/victim of rape or acid attack, and should immediately inform the police . Denial of treatment of such victims is punishable under Sec. 166-B IPC with imprisonment upto 1 year and with/without fine.


Question: Declaration of Helsinki is about

The Declaration of Helsinki(1975):- concerning human experimentation and clinical trials. DECLARATION OF TOKYO, 1975 The World Medical Association adopted the following guidelines for medical doctors concerning Toure and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in relation to Detention and Imprisonment. The Declaration of Oslo (1970 & 1983), concerning therapeutic aboion. Declaration of Geneva:- The general principles mentioned in the Hippocratic Oath have been brought up-to-date by the World Medical Association. The modernised version of the Hippocratic Oath are the Declaration of Geneva. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-26,647


Question: The poisoning causes by bullet retained inside the body is

Souvenir Bullets are present for a long time in the body so lead poisoning usually associated with Souvenir bullets. A dense fibrous tissue capsule usually surrounds it. Lead poisoning may occur due to absorption of lead from lead bullets remaining in a body. Synol fluid is capable of dissolving lead.


Question: Akalinisation of urine may be done in case of poisoning with

(A) (Barbiturates)* Forced alkaline diuresis is valuable in aspirin and barbiturate poisoning (phenobarbitone).Forced alkaline diuresis* Forced alkaline diuresis implies achieving an alkaline urinary pH of 7.5 to 9* This promotes excretion of drugs that are weak acidsDrugs that can be eliminated by alkaline diuresis include* Salicylates* Barbiturates (Long acting/ phenobarbitone)* Chlorpropamide* Methotrexate**** Lithium, Isoniazid (controversial)* Alkaline dieresis is usually achieved with sodium bicarbonate** and may be forced by using urea, furesamide or mannitol infusions.Elimination of Absorbed bv DiuresisAlkaline DiuresisAcid Diuresis* Salicylates* Barbiturates* Amphetamine* Quinine* Phenylcylidine* Strychnine* Aldrich Mees lines on finger nails seen in poisoning of - Arsenic* Burtonium line seen in Lead (chronic lead poisoning)Classic Triad of chronic mercury ooisonins | |||Excessive salivation&Gingivitis*TremorsNeuropsychialnc changes* Erethism* Other features- Mercuria lends*** - Nephritis (DCT)*** - Acrodynia*** - Abortion is common** - Minimata disease * ** Rain drop pigmentation of skin, hyperkeratosis of palms, lines on nails (Mees line) and paraesthesias are classical signs of chronic arsenic poisoning.Aluminium phosphide poisoning (celphos)(i) Aluminium phosphide produces phosphine gas on coming in contact with moisture which inhibits cytochrome c- oxidase(ii) AP causes wide spread organ damage due to cellular hypoxia as a consequence of non competitive inhibition of the enzyme cytochrome oxidase of the mitochondria(iii) CP- retrosternal burning, epigastric pain and vomiting hypotension, restlessness, tachypnea, oliguria or anuria, jaundice, impaired sensorium and cardiac arrhythmias, focal myocardial necrosis and changes in action membrane potential to result of alteration in permeability of Na+ Mg++ Ca + ionsDiagnosis1. Garlicky (or decaying fish) odour from mouth with highly variable arrhythmias2. Confirmation can be done by Silver Nitrate test.3. Most specific and sensitive method for detecting the pH 3 in blood/air in gas chromatographyTreatment - No specific antidote, Gastric lavage with Pottasium permagnate + supportive


Question: Estimation of age done after 25 years with changes in teeth is by

(C) Gustafsan's method > Gustafson's Method: The age estimation of adult over 25 years depends on the physiologic age changes in each of the dental tissue.


Question: The antidote for acetaminophen poisoning is


Question: In Riger mortis, first appearane occurs at

(Eyelid) (3.15-P)* In the involuntary muscle - Heart first affected* In the voluntary muscle - Eyelid muscles appears first*It first appearance in involuntary and then in voluntary muscles*It is not dependent on the nerve supply as it also develops in the paralysed limbsIt is tested by1. Attempting to lift the eyelids2. Depressing the jaw3. Gently bending the neck and various joints of the body*Sequence - Eyelid > face > neck and trunk > upper extremity > legs > small muscles of fingers & toes*In India rigor mortis commences in 2- 3 hours, the time since death would be within about 12-24 hours


Question: Locard's Principle is concerned with(2018)

Locard's Exchange Principle: When any two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material from each object on the other. Trace from the scene may be carried away on the person or tool of the criminal, and at the same time, traces from all or any of these may be left at the scene. Wherever a criminal goes, whatever he touches, and whatever he leaves will serve as silent evidence against him. e.g., fingerprints, footprints, hair, fibres from clothes. broken glass, tool marks, paints, scratches, blood or seminal stains, etc. It is actual evidence, and its presence is absolute proof of the crime. Ref:- k.s.narayan reddy; pg num:- 475


Question: A dead body is having cadaveric lividity of bluish green colour. The most likely cause of death is by poisoning due to


Question: Burking consist of

Burking is a method of homicidal smothering & traumatic asphyxia named after Burke & Hare Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg: 190


Question: Injury is defined under


Question: According to F.D.I formula, the tooth that is denoted by the number 34 is

Each tooth is numbered by the quadrant (1 to 4) and by the tooth within the quadrant (1 to 8) 1 Maxillary right 2 Maxillary left 3 Mandibular left 4 Mandibular right Tooth Numbers Within Each Quadrant: Sta with number 1 at the midline (central incisor) to number 8, third molar so 34 is left lower, 4th tooth (first premolar) Ref - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation


Question: Antidote for arsenic poisoning is

Ans. is 'a' i.e. Ferric oxide Treatment of arsenic poisoning includes stomach wash and use of freshly precipitated hydrated ferric oxide as an antidote (which forms ferric arsenite a harmless salt).


Question: The fatal dose of absolute alcohol in an adult is


Question: Ladder tears are seen in

Horizontal tears of the aoic intima that occur in deceleration injuries which are linked to compression by the anterior face of the veebral column Ref: medical dictionary


Question: Amussat sign is seen in

Amussat's sign is typically a transverse laceration of the intimate layer of carotid aeries described in cases of hanging. Subtotal laceration of carotid aery is not strictly specific for hanging and can be also caused by blunt neck trauma, extreme over stretching, or whiplash injuries Ref: NCBI


Question: Heat stroke differs from heat cramps or heat exhaustion in that it

The key difference between heat stroke and heat cramps or exhaustion is the presence of fever. Heat stroke is associated with a core body temperature above 40degC and is subdivided into exeional and classic types. Neither type is associated with a hemorrhagic stroke. The exeional type is most commonly seen in people working or running outdoors in hot or humid climates. Characteristic findings include hot, dry skin, with or without sweating; profound lactic acidosis; rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria; the potential for acute tubular necrosis; and potential for disseminated intravascular coagulation. The classic type is most commonly seen in chronically ill patients, alcoholics, very young patients, the elderly, or morbidly obese people in hot or humid weather. It can be precipitated by drugs that inhibit sweating (e.g., anticholinergics, phenothiazine). Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 160


Question: Dowry death investigation is done by

Inquest: inquiry into the cause of death
• Police Inquest
■ Most common type of inquest in India
■ Investigating officer usually is sub inspector or officer not below the rank of (senior) head constable.
Magistrate Inquest: Court of Trail • Usually conducted by DM, SDM or Executive Magistrate (i.e. collector, Deputy Collector or Tahsildar)
• Magistrate inquests are usually done in following circumstances:
■ Dowry deaths i.e. unnatural deaths within 7 years of marriage
■ Death in prison
■ Death in police custody or interrogation or during police firing
■ Death in any psychiatric hospital
• Exhumation i.e. digging out of an already buried body also done upon order of magistrate. Coroner's Inquest: Court of inquiry
• Coroner is an advocate, attorney, pleader, or first class magistrate with 5 years experience or metropolitan magistrate
• Coroner court is a court of inquiry & accused need not be present.
• Coroner court can’t impose fine or punishment; but it can punish those guilty of contempt of his court when the offence is committed in the premises of his court (i.e. city limit only)
• In India it is practiced only in Mumbai


Question: Widmark's formulae are used for estimation of


Question: Delirient poison is

Ans. is 'a' i.e. Dhatura ]Dhatura is a deliriant poison (These poisons are characterized by a well-marked deliriant stage)Alcohol is an inebriant (Inebriant poison are characterized by 2 sets of symptoms viz. Excitement & narcosis)Opium is a somniferous poison (they are used therapeutically to lessen pain & induce sleep)Arsenic is an irritant.Classification of poisons* (according to the mode of actions)Corrosives :A corrosive poison is simply a highly active irritant and not only produces inflammation but also actual ulceration of the tissues.Eg. Strong acids, Strong alkaliesIrritants :They produce symptoms of pain in the abdomen, vomitting and purging.Inorganic : P,Cl,Br,I,Ar,Sb,Hg,Cu,Pb,Zn,Ag.Organic:Vegetable poisons: Castor, croton CalotropisAnimal poisons : Snake & insect bites, cantharides.Mechanical: Powdered glass, hairs etc.Neurotics:They act chiefly on the nervous system.Cerebral: act mainly on the cerebrum. Further 3 types are:Somniferous: Opium*.Barbiturates*.Inebriant: Alcohol*. Anesthetics, Sedatives & hypnotics, kerosene, Organophosphates*.Deliriant: Dhatura*., Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus, cannabis*. CocaineSpinal: Nux Vomica*.Peripheral: Curare, coniumCardiac:Act on the hearteg. Digitalis*, Oleander*, Nicotine*. Aconite*.Asphyxiant:Act mainly in lungeg. CO, CO2, war gases.


Question: Murder is punished under


Question: Marbling of tissue is noticed by

Marbling of skin: Blood vessels provide an impoant route through which the bacteria can spread with ease throughout the body. Bacteria involved are streptococcus, staphylococcus, Diphtheroids, Clostridium welchi, and Proteus. The bacteria produce hydrogen sulphide as decomposition gas. Hemoglobin will be conveed to methemoglobin and hydrogen sulphide will combine with methemoglobin to form sulphmethemoglobin. Superficial vessels stained greenish due to sulphmethemoglobin. This may be usually seen by about 36 hours. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 32


Question: Filigree burns are

(A) Liahtnina burns FN. Reddv26 - 293: N. Reddv25- 292: Parikh5- 2071# Arborescent or Filigree Burns (Lichtenberg's flowers):> Burns are superficial, thin, irregular and tortuous markings on the skin.> These markings have a general pattern resembling the branches of a tree.> Fern-like pattern of erythema in the skin is usually found over the shoulder or the flanks.> These are seen in lightning stroke.


Question: Professional secrecy is a

(As per definition, Professional secrecy is an implied term of contract between a doctor and his patient. It is a DUTY of the doctor i.e. the doctor should keep secret whatever he has acquired as pa of his professional work from the patient. If the doctor discloses anything then the patient can sue him for damages/fine in a cou of law. The doctor should not disclose anything about the patient without the written consent of the patient; if he is a minor or an insane the parents/guardians should be informed of the patient's illness. However in case of Notifiable diseases, the public health authorities should be informed about the patient's illness. Doctor can be charged with Defamation for disclosing secrets of his patients.). Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 354

Implied term of contract between doctor and patient


Question: Abandoning a child will be punished for

Abandoning of a child Father or mother of a child who is under 12 years or anyone who is having care of such child, leaves such a child in any place with the intention of abandoning the child shall be punished with imprisonment upto 7 years. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 354


Question: Overlying leads to death due to

Ans. (b) SuffocationRef The essentials of FSM by KS Narayan Reddy 31st ed. /335* STRANGULATION is a form of asphyxia which is caused by constriction of the neck by a ligature without suspending the body It can be several types:# BANSDOLA: one bamboo stick at back of neck and other at the front of neck. Both ends tied with rope which causes death of the victim.# GAROTTING: Victim is attacked from behind with a rope over the neck.# MUGGING: strangulation caused by holding the neck of the victim in the bend of the elbow.* SUFFOCATION is a form of asphyxia, which is caused by deprivation of oxygen, either due to lack of oxygen in environment or from obstruction of air passages at the level of nose and mouth.* Forms of suffocation asphyxia:# BURKING is a method of homicidal smothering and traumatic asphyxia.# Smothering: form of asphyxia caused by closing the external respiratory orifices either by hand or other means# Gagging: asphyxia by forcing cloth into the mouth.# Overlaying: asphyxia due to compression of chest. Ex: Mother overlied on infant.# Choking: asphyxia by obstruction of air passages, usually between the pharynx and bifurcation of trachea. Almost always accidental.# Cafe coronary: Alcoholic who is grossly intoxicated dies while having meal. Death occurs due to sudden heart attack. High blood alcohol content anesthesizes the gag reflex.


Question: Death caused by exclusion of air from the lungs by means other than compression at neck and drowning.

Suffocation literally means to die as a result of not being able to breath or to have difficulty in breathing. Deprivation of oxygen can be by one of the following ways. By lack of oxygen in the atmosphere, so called environmental suffocation. From obstruction of air passages by means other than Compression of neck and drowning Red: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 112


Question: A body is brought for autopsy. On postmoem, there is dark brown postmoem staining and garlic odor in stomach. The poisoning is most likely due to

PHOSPHORUS(P4) There are two varieties: (1) White or crystalline. (2) Red or amorphous Postmoem Appearances:- In acute poisoning, the body usually shows signs of jaundice. The gastric and intestinal contents may smell of garlic and be luminous. The mucous membranes of the stomach and intestine are yellowish or greyish-white in colour, and are softened, thickened, inflamed and corroded or destroyed in patches. Multiple smaller or larger haemorrhages are seen in the skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscles, and serosal and mucosal membranes of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract, under endocardium, pericardium, epicardium, peritoneum, in lungs, brain, leptomeninges and uterus. The liver becomes swollen, yellow, soft, fatty and is easily ruptured. Small haemorrhages may be seen on the surface and in the substance. The kidenys are large, greasy, yellow and show haemorrhages on the surface. The hea is flabby, pale and shows fatty degeneration. Fat emboli may be found in the pulmonary aerioles and capillaries. The blood may appear tarry and its coagulability is diminished. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-551


Question: Alkyl organophosphate is

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Malathion Alkyl phosphatase :Malathione, HETP (hexa ethyl tetra phosphate), TEPP (tetra ethyl pyrophosphate or tetron), OMPA (octa methyl pyrophosphate), dimefox, isopestox, demeton, trichlorfon, dipterex.Aryl phosphatase :Parathion, Follidol,or nitrostigmine or killphos or ekato), paraoxon, Diazinon (diazion or TIK 20), methyl-parathion (metacide), chlohion.


Question: Post moem bullet is removed from the wound by

A rubber tipped forceps is used to remove the post-moem bullet from wound. However in advanced post-moem changes ,it becomes extremely difficult to retrieve the whole bullet or it's pas.Owing to decomposition and reduced cohesion of the tissues, standard autopsy techniques are impossible to perform. Ref: NCBI.org


Question: Sex differentiation from hair can be made by

Sexing of the human hair is possible by studying sex chromatin from the hair root cells of the scalp. Barr bodies are demonstrable in hair follicle in a propoion of 29 +- 5% in females and 6 +- 2% in males. Male hair are generally thicker, coarser and darker. Female hair are generally fine, long and gently taper to an end. Blood grouping and other serological criteria can be determined from the hair root cells. The cells of the hair root can also be used for DNA-profiling . Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 54


Question: "La facies sympathique" is an expression used in hanging to describe

In Hanging eyes may be closed or paly open or may be protruding. More often they are protruded and petechial hemorrhages may be noticed over the subconjunctival region and inner aspects of the eyelids. Etienne Main (1950) described a state called as 'La Facies Sympathique' with right eye remaining open with a dilated pupil and the left eye closed with a small pupil. This may be due to pressure upon the cervical sympathetics, the eye on the same side remaining open and pupil dilated. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 122

Dilated pupil on the opposite side of the knot


Question: Chronic arsenic poisoning does not cause

ARSENIC Chronic Poisoning:- It may be due to accidental ingestion of repeated small doses or by taking food or drink in which there are traces of drug. systemic effects:- C.N.S.:- Polyneuritis, anaesthesias,paraesthesia. encephalopathy. Skin:- Pigmentation consists of a finely mottled brown change mostly on the skin flexures, temples, eyelids and neck (raindrop type of pigmentation), which persists for many months. There may be a rash resembling fading measles rash. In prolonged contact, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles with irregular thickening of the nails and development of trasverse white lines in the fingernails called Aldrich-Mees lines is seen. Eyes:- Congestion, watering of the eyes, photophobia. G.I.T.:- Nausea,vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, salivation. C.V.S. and kidneys:- Chronic nephritis, cardiac failure, dependent oedema. Hepatic:- Hepatomegaly, jaundice, cirrhosis of the liver. Haematologic:- Bone marrow suppression, hypoplasia, anaemia. thrombocytopaenia, leukaemia. General:- Anaemia and weight loss, loss of hair, brittle nails. Resp system:- Cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-540


Question: Function of sodium borate in embalming fluid is


Question: First class judicial magistrate can give punishment upto

Ans. is 'b' i.e., 3 years Powers of Magistrate's (Sec. 29 CrPC)ClassImprisonmentFineChief judicial magistrateUpto 7 yearsAny amount1st class magistrateUpto 3 years5000 Rs.2nd class magistrateUpto 1 years1000 Rs.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: The sensation of creeping bugs over the body is a features of poisoning with

The sensations of bugs crawling under skin are tactile hallucinations, called formication. These are seen in cocain abuse.


Question: Battle sign is positive if bruise is present in

Battle's sign: Bruising/ecchymosis over the mastoid process in the line of posterior auricular aery. It is an indication of fracture of middle cranial fossa of the skull, and may suggest underlying brain trauma


Question: Filigree burn occur in

(A) Lightning # Lightning strike - 1000 million volts or more causes Arborescent or Filigree burns or Lichtenberg's flowers which are superficial, thin, irregular and tortuous markings on the skin resembling the branches of a tree.


Question: Latte's crust of blood stain is used to detect

Blood groups ABO, MNS and Rh are determined in a blood stain by (1) Latte&;s crust method. (2) Absorption- elution technique. (3) Absorption-inhibition. (4) Latex method. (5) Enzymological methods. TESTS FOR DETERMINING ABO GROUPING IN BLOOD STAINS : (1) TUBE METHOD : A drop of washed suspension of red cells is added to equal volumes of each of the antisera of A, B and 0 in separate tubes. The blood group can be identified when agglutination is seen by naked eye or microscope in the tubes. (2) Tile Method: A porcelian tile is used instead of tubes. (3) ABSORPTION -INHIBITION METHOD : The sample and antisera are allowed to react with each other for a longer period. ( 4) MIXED AGGLUTINATION TEST : The sample piece of stained cloth is cut into pieces of 2 to 3 mm and the fibres are separated and added to tubes along with antisera of A, B, 0 types. The group can be known by the antisera which clumped to the cloth fibres. (5) ABSORPTION-ELUTION TECHNIQUE: Test is similar to mixed agglutination, but the clumps are seen on the walls of the test tube and not on fibres. This test can be used for body tissues also. Blood stains can be typed for the presence of ABO agglutinogens by absorption-elution, absorption- inhibition, mixed agglutination or ELISA method, or for agglutinins by the Lattes crust method. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-453,454


Question: Revealing the identity of rape victim is punishable under

Revealing the identity of rape victim is punishable offence. Imprisonment for 2 years or fine.


Question: Once a case is completed between two paies, it cannot be tried again under the defence,

Res judicata means 'the things have been decided': according to this rule, once a case is completed between two paies, it cannot be tried again. For example, a patient sues a doctor in a negligence case and things are decided; he cannot sue the doctor again in the same case. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 383


Question: The given cell is activated by WRONG QUESTION


Question: The active principle of this poison is

This is a image of nuxvomica Fatal does is one crushed seed. It has three active principle = strychnine, brucine and loganine.


Question: Locard exchange of principle is

LOCARDS PRINCIPLE OF EXCHANGE: When any two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of material from each object to the other. Traces from the scene may be carried away by the person and same traces from all or any of these may be left at the scene. Wherever a criminal goes whatever he touches and whatever he leaves will serve as silent evidence against him eg., fingerprints footprints, hair fiber from clothing, broken glasses, tool marks, paints scratch blood or seminal fluids, etc., It is actual evidence and its presence is absolute proof of the crime. REF: THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY 29th edition page no: 253.


Question: The usefulness of the long bones in stature estimation is

For height estimation : (of the individual's height in life ) Humerus is 20% Tibia 22% Femur 27% Spine 35%


Question: Increasing Doses Of Alcohol Depresses Brain In The Following Order.

* The frontal lobes are sensitive to low concentrations (resulting in mood changes) followed by the occipital lobe (visual disturbances) and cerebellum (loss of coordination) * At high doses, brain stem depression occurs.

Cerebellum, Frontal lobe, occipital lobe

Frontal lobe, Cerebellum, Occipital lobe

Frontal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum

Cerebellum, Occipital lobe, Frontal lobe


Question: Medicolegal autopsy requires the permission of


Question: Putrefaction is

CHANGES AFTER DEATH 1.Immediate changes a) cessation of respiration b) cessation of circulation c) insensibility d) loss of voluntary power e) dilatation of pupil 2. Early changes a) primary flaccidity of muscles b) algor mois c) livor mois d) rigor mois e) retinal changes and changes in vitreous humor. 3. Late changes a) putrefaction b) adipocere formation c) mummification Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY DR PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 19


Question: La facies sympathique" is a condition seen in cases of

In hanging cases there will be ligature knot in the neck. If ligature knot presses on cervical sympathetic nerves, the eye on the same side may remain open with its pupil dilated which is known as &;le facie sympathique&;. It indicates antemoem hanging Ref: The synopsis of forensic medicine & Toxicology 28th edition pg. no: 180


Question: Adultery comes under IPC section

Ans. (a) 497Ref: The Essentials of FSM by K.S. Narayan Reddy 31st ed. 124IPC SectionDefinitionSec 82A child under 7 yrs is incapable of committing an offence. Not applicable to railway act.Sec 83A child >7 &< 12 is presumed to be mature enough to be capable of committing an offence.Sec 84Act of a person of unsound mind/McNaughten's ruleSec 85Act of a person who's intoxicated against will.Sec 87A person less than 18 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which may result from an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. consent for wrestling contestSec 88 to93Legal protection to medical doctors. Sec 89 - a child < 12 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur by an act done in good faith or for itsbenefi t e.g. consent for operationSec 174Police inquestSec 176Magistrate's inquestSec 179Punishment for refusal to answer question by the policeSec 191Definition of perjurySec 193Punishment for perjurySec 197Issuing false certificate (3-7 years of punishment)Sec 201Disappearance of evidence (2 years of punishment)Sec 297Trespassing of burial placeSec 299Definition of Culpable homicideSec 300MurderSec 302Punishment for murder/infanticideSec 304Culpable homicide not amounting to murderSec 304 ACausing death by negligenceSec 304 BDowry death307Attempt to murder308Attempt to culpable homicide309Attempt to suicideSec 317Abandoning of infantsSec 318Concealment of death of childSec 319HurtSec 320Grievous hurtSec 321Voluntarily causing hurtSec 322Voluntarily causing grievous hurtSec 323Punishment for voluntary causing hurtSec 324Punishment for voluntary causing hurt by dangerous weapon/meansSec 325Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurtSec 326Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt by a dangerous weapon/meansSec 351AssaultSec 354Assault to outrage the modesty of a woman.Sec 375Definition of rapeSec 376Punishment of rapeSec 377Unnatural sexual offenceSec 497Adultery

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Registered medical practitioner protecting unqualified person in practice is known as

Ans. b (Covering). (Ref. Medical Jurisprudence & Toxicology by Glaister, 6, Parikh, FMT 5th/558)COVERING# A Registered medical practitioner protecting a non-medical person who practices medicine is called covering.# Association with unqualified persons includes:- Employment of unqualified or unregistered assistant or mere countenancing of such practice.- Assisting an unqualified person as by giving an anesthetic for some procedure.- Having relations with uncertified persons which enables them to practice Midwifery or issuing certificate which enables them to practice midwifery or issuing certificate which enable such practices to occur (covering of unqualified persons).# This does not affect the proper training of bonafide medical students or employment of midwives, dispensers, and surgery assistants, under the immediate personal supervision of a RMP.# Also note, receiving or giving commission or other benefits from or to a professional colleague, a manufacturer, trader, chemist etc.# Giving of a commission by one doctor to another for referring, recommending or procuring any patient for medical, surgical or other treatment is known as Dichotomy (Fee-Sharing).Q

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Fluorescent feulgen reaction is used to demonstrate

The X chromosome is seen as a Plano convex mass lying inside the nucleus just beneath the nuclear membrane as a nucleolar satellite, in the cells of buccal mucosa. This is called Barr body. Barr bodies are seen in the somatic cells of normal females (XX) Barr bodies can be demonstrated by eosin- hematoxylin staining or fluorescent Feulgen reaction technique using Acriflavine Schiff reagent for X chromosome which is seen as a bright yellow spot. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 70


Question: A loop of thin string is thrown around the neck of the victim in

In garotting, a loop of things string is thrown around the neck of victim, who is attacked from his back. The ligature is then rapidly tightened with the help of two sticks tied at the free ends of the string so as to constrict the neck strongly. Asphyxiation of the unaware victim ensues rapidly and ultimately death. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 134


Question: Postmortem caloricity is not seen in

The most logical answer could be Organophosphorous poisoning.
PM caloricity is seen in condition where heat is produced inside the body (endogenous heat production).


Question: First treatment for snake bite is

First aid* Reassurance* Limit systemic spread of venom by immobilizing the affected pa (e.g. limb)* A proximal lymphatic-occlusion constriction band may limit the spread of venom if applied within 30 minutes. It should be applied such that it does not prevent aerial flow of blood and the distal pulsation should be appreciatedREF: THE SYNOPSIS OF FORENSIC MEDICINE:KS NARAYANA REDDY; 28th EDITION; PAGE NO 322


Question: Edgeoscopy refers to

Edgeoscopy -evaluation of fingerprint Dactylography-evaluation of fingerprints Ridgeology-evaluation of friction ridges on fingerprints Poroscopy-evaluation of sweat pores openings on fingerprint ridges Cheiloscopy-evaluation of lip prints Podography - evaluation of foot prints Rugoscopy-evaluation of palatal Refernce:Encyclopedia of Forensic Medicine and legal medicine PG no 9,vol 3


Question: Under transplantation of humans organs act, the punishment for the doctor involved is

The Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994, amended in 2011, and 2012 Chapter VI and VII deals with the trial and punishment of offences under this act. Under this act, doctors involved will be punished for a period of 2-5yrs. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr. PC IGNATIUS PAGE NO: 389


Question: For transplantation, cornea can be removed from dead body upto

Time of molecular death in different tissues varies with each tissue.
Maximum time of removal of organs for transplantation -

Brain 5-7 minutes
Liver 15 minutes
Kidney 45 minutes
Heart 60 minutes
Cornea 6 hours
Bone 48 hours
Vessels 72 hours


Question: Sec 304A IPC deals with

Sec 304A IPC deals with criminal negligence " Whoever causes death of any person by doing a rash and negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment upto 2 years, with fine or both" Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 379


Question: Surest sign of brain stem death

B i.e. Fixed dilated pupil not responding to light Cooling of body & rigor mois is a sign of molecular or cellular death. - Somatic (systemic, clinical or brain) death is cessation of spontaneous breathing, circulation and brain activity (as indicated by flat isoelectric EEG, deep unconsciousness with no response to external stimuli or internal need). Surest sign of brain stem death is fixed dilated pupil not constricting (responding) to light.Q

Fixed dilated pupil not reacting to light


Question: Penetrating neck trauma is


Question: In the case of Hanging neck ligature marks are an example of

Ligature mark is a type of pressure /imprinted/ contact/patterned abrasion.
Some important facts:-

Patterned abrasions are any impact or pressure abrasions which reproduce the pattern of the object causing it.
Thus an impact abrasion may be a pattern abrasion if it reproduces the pattern of the object, e.g. a pattern of radiator grill (after hit by a car) is a type of impact abrasion and at the same time, it is a patterned abrasion as it is reproducing the pattern of radiator grill.
Similarly, a pressure abrasion may be a patterned abrasion if it reproduces the pattern of the object, e.g. ligature mark in hanging or strangulation is a pressure abrasion and at the same time it is also a patterned abrasion.


Question: Usage of female undergarments for sexual gratification is seen in

Fetichism Fetish is an object for sexual stimulation. Fetichism means using these objects for sexual gratification. It is usually seen in males and they use the undergarments like bras, petticoat, stocking, panty hose,etc. of the females as an object for sexual stimulation. Person with this perversion may steal these objects for the above purpose. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: Tear drop appearance seen in

Stab wound by single edged weapon wedge shaped with one end of the wound is sharply cut and the other end is split or rounded or blunt. The sharp end is due to the contact with the sharp edge of the weapon and split end is due to contact with the blunt edge of the weapon. There may be gaping of both margins and this may give the wound a tear drop appearance ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 127


Question: St Anthony fire disease is

Ans. is 'c' i.e. Ergot poisoning In cases of ergot poisoning (also known as ergotoxicosis or traditionally, Saint anthony's fire) alkaloids accumulate in the system due to the consumption of contaminated grain products.


Question: Death of a patient due to an unintentional act by a doctor, staff or hospital is

Therapeutic misadventure is a mischance or an accident or a disaster. Therapeutic misadventure is a case in which n individual has been injured or had died due to some unintentional act by a doctor or agent of the doctor or hospital. Vicarious liability is liability for act of others i.e. an employer is responsible not only for his own negligence but also for the negligence of his employee by the principle of respondent superior (let the master answer), provided there (1) Must be employer-employee relationship, (2) While on job, (3) Employee conduct within the job of employment. Therapeutic privilege is an Exception to the rule of 'full disclosure' i.e. the doctor can use his discretion as to the facts that he discloses or of not telling the patient about the risks involved in treatment or about the diagnosis, e.g. in cases where patient is fearful, emotionally disturbed, psychotic or psycho-neurotic. The doctor should carefully note his decision in the patient's records mentioning the reasons. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 189


Question: Rigor mois first seen in

The Order of Appearance of Rigor: - * All muscles of the body, both voluntary and involuntary are affected. * But it does not sta in all muscles simultaneously Nysten's rule: - * It first appears _in involuntary muscles; the myocardium becomes rigid in an hour. * Then it develops in eyelids, neck and lower jaw and passes upwards to the muscles of the face, and downwards to the muscles of the chest, upper limbs, abdomen and lower limbs and lastly in the fingers and toes. Ref:- Essentials of Forensic medicine Dr KS narayana Reddy 33th Edition;


Question: Zasko's phenomenon is seen during

Tendon reaction or Zasko's phenomenon: It occurs after somatic death when molecular death has not occurred. All muscles are in a relaxed state after death. This is a stage of primary relaxation. It is a muscular response to mechanical stimuli that occurs after 1- 2 hrs after death during the primary flaccidity period When the lower third of the quadriceps femoris muscle is struck above the patella with a reflex hammer, it causes an upward movement of the patella because of contraction of the whole muscle. Muscle changes after death :


Question: More than 5% carboxy hemoglobin is indicative of

There is increased carboxyhemoglobin (>5%) in antemortem burning.


Question: Poisoning caused by bullet retained in body is;

Lead poisoning may occur due to absorption of lead from lead bullets remaining in body. Synol fluid is capable of dissolving lead


Question: 'Glassblowers shakes' are seen in poisoning due to

Glassblowers shakes' (hatters shake) is a form of chronic mercury poisoning occurring in workers exposed to mercury, characterized by muscle tremors, mental and behavioural changes, and stomatitis. Glassblower's cataracts are a form of cataract. They are formed by many years of exposure to infrared radiation while working. Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 473


Question: DNA fingerprinting was discovered by

DNA FINGERPRINTING DNA fingerprinting (DNA typing, DNA identification, or genetic typing) is a technique involving chemically dividing the DNA into fragments which form a unique pattern and then matching that "identity profile" with the pattern obtained from similarly testing a suspect&;s blood specimen. If the two patterns match, the possibility of error, i.e. the chance that they do not belong to the same individual may be less than one in 30 billion. Dr. Alec Jeffreys in 1985, developed DNA fingerprinting. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:- 459


Question: FeCl test is used in diagnosis of

Diagnosis of phenol poisoning change in color of urine(carboluria) Ferric chloride when added color of urine turns blue. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 414


Question: Most  common position of hymen rupture in a virgin is

Hymen tears

Congenital - Anterion
Intercourse / foreign body - posterolateral
In a virgin, laceration of hymen occurs with the first intercourse
This is the principal evidence of intercourse in a virgin
Tearing of hymen usually occurs postero - laterally or in the middle.

Other conditions causing ruptured hymen before coitus

Accidents
Mastrubation
Instrumentation by doctors
Artifical dilatiation of vagina by foreign bodies for prostitution
Passage of large blood clots.


Question: Spalding's sign is seen in

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Maceration Spalding's sign Overriding of the cranial bones on one another, due to liquefaction of brain matter and softening of the ligamentous structures supporting the vault. It usually appears 7 days after death. It is a sign of Maceration in a dead-born child. Still Stillbornad-born child Still born child is one, which is bom after 28th wk of pregnancy and which did not breathe or show any other signs of life, at any time after being completely bom The child was alive in utero, but ied during the process of birth. Dead born child a dead bom child is one which has died in utero, and shows one of the following signs Rigor mortis at delivery Maceration This is the process of aseptic autolysis of the fetus dead in utero and is the usual change It occurs when the dead fetus remains in the uterus for 3-4 days surrounded by liquor amnii but with the exclusion of air, It does not occur if the dead fetus is bom within about 24 hrs. It is characterised by softening and degeneration of tissues. The process is aseptic because the fetus is enclosed in the membranes in a sterile condition. * Signs of maceration are The earliest sign of maceration is skin slippage which can be seen in 12 hrs after the death of the child in utero. Appearance of gas in heart and great vessels (Robert's sign) Collapse of the vertebral column The body of the macerated fetus is soft, flaccid and flattens out when placed on a level surface. It has a sweetish disagreeable odour. The skin is red or purple Large blebs appear at 24 hrs which contains thin fluid The epidermis detaches easily and leaves moist and greasy areas. The umbilical cord is thickened and soft The bony junctions both in the skull and in this joints are lax and abnormally mobile. Spalding sign is seen * If the membranes are ruptured after the death of the fetus and air enters into liquor amnii, the fetus undergoes putrefaction instead of maceration. 3) Mummification Mummification results when the death of a fetus occurs from a deficient supply of blood or when liquor amnii is scanty, and when no air has entered the uterus. The fetus is dried up & shrivelled.

Identification of Dead and Mass Disaster


Question: In tandem bullet, number of bullet/bullets comingout of the gun is/are

2 [Ref: Parikh 6/e, p 4.26; Reddy, 25/e, p 1961 Tandem bullets: also k/a piggiback bullets are 2 bullets ejected one after the other, when the first bullet, having been stuck in the barrel, fails to leave the barrel, and is ejected by the subsequently fired bullet. The bullets may separate within the body, or before they hit the target. Also know Tandem or Duplex caridge: here the gun fires two bullets simultaneously which have different projectiles by design and enter the target at different points. Frangible bullets: there bullets are designed to fragment upon impact. often to the point of disintegration. Recovery and matching with a test bullet is difficult. Souvenir bullets: a bullet present for a long time in the body leading to dense fibrous tissue formation around it. Dum-dum bullet: is a jacketed bullet with its nose cut-off to expose the core. Ricochet bullet: its a single bullet which strikes some intervening object first and then after ricocheting and rebounding strikes the target. Yawning bullet: bullet travelling in an irregular fashion instead of travelling nose on.


Question: Arrange the following features produced by shot gun injuries according to the increasing range Satellite pellet holes Cruciate wound Tattooing Blackening

Cruciate wound - contact shot Blackening/ Smudging/ Fouling - upto 30 cm Tattooing/ Stippling/ Peppering - upto 60 to 90 cm Satellite pellet holes - over two meters


Question: Pearson formula is used for calculating

karl Pearson formula for reconstruction of stature from dried long bones. Male female Stature 81.306 + 1.880F 72.884 + 1.945F Stature 70.641 + 2.894H 71.475 + 2.754 H Stature 78.664 + 2.376T 74.774 + 2.353T Stature 89.925 + 3.271R 81.224 + 3.343R F is femur, H is humerus, T is tibia, R is radius. The measurements are in centimeters. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 96


Question: Father of forensic odontology is

1. Paul Zacchias- Father of legal medium Father of toxicology Father of forensic psychiatry. 2. Mathieu Orfila. Father of modern toxicology 3. Calvin Goddard Father of ballistics forensic


Question: Pink disease is due to

Ingestion of mercurous chloridein teething powder has led to acrodynia (Pink disease/Swift disease) in infants. This condition presents as feverwith a pink-coloured rash, irritability, photophobia, painfuland swollen extremities and hypersecretion of sweat glands.It is believed to be a hypersensitivity response to the mercurouschloride.Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg: 473


Question: First offence of stalking is

Stalking involves following a woman or contacting such woman in spite of clear disinterest or monitors her through internet, e-mail or any other form of electronic communication. It is punishable under Sec. 354-D IPC with imprisonment for upto 3 years and fine (cognizable and bailable) and imprisonment upto 5 years and fine for subsequent offence (cognizable and non-bailable)


Question: Pugilistic attitude is seen i

Pugilistic attitude or boxer's attitude this occurs due to coagulation of the muscle proteins resulting in contraction of muscle fibers. As the flexors are bulkier than extensors, they contract more and force the body to attain such an attitude. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 164


Question: Statutary rape is considered below the age


Question: Blue colour of the bruise is due to


Question: Acrodynia is associated with


Question: A person is presumed to be dead, if not heard for 7 years comes under


Question: The section of IPC that deals with not attending the cou after receiving the summons

Section 172 IPC: Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceedings. Section 174 IPC: Nonattendance in obediance to summons from cou of law intentionally is punishable (imprisonment up to six months or fine up to one thousand rupees, or both) Section 178 IPC: Punishment for Refusing oath S. 191, I.P.C.: Giving false evidence. S. 192, I.P.C.: Fabricating false evidence. S. 193, I.P.C.: Punishment for false evidence (imprisonment up to seven years).


Question: Bluish discoloration of gastric mucosa is seen in the poisoning of

(C) Sodium Amytal[?]Post-mortem Internal appearance of SODIUM AMYTAL POISONING;oThese are not characteristic, but mainly those of asphyxia. Cyanosis is present.oA quantity of white particles of ingested Sodium amytal may be seen in the stomach.oGastric mucosa may be eroded and the fundus may be thickened, granular & hemorrhagic.oHemorrhagic blistering & hemorrhagic necrosis of the gastric mucosa may be seen due to poisoning from Seconal & Sodium Amytal.oDetection by Calorimetric methods have now been super seeded by specific gas-liquid and high pressure liquid chromatography methods.[?]POST-MORTEM APPEARANCE OF STOMACH IN VARIOUS POISONING:oHigh concentration of toxic substances on the rugae & Crypts of gastric mucosa or even in the blood in the actual stomach wall.oHyperaemia of gastric mucus membrane by irritant poison shows patchy & deep crimson colour.oRedness of stomach Mucus membrane after death is usually limited posterior wall.oRedness of gastric mucosa is found even in asphyxial deaths.oThe green colour of ferrous suplhate tablets; the blue of amytal capsule; the pink of soneryl are characteristic.oMercury usually causes a slate coloured stain; arsenic may show white particles adherent; strong sulphuric, acetic or hydrochloric acids, & concentrated oxalic acid are likely to blacken or char the wall; nitric acid may causeoyellow colour, carbolic acid may produce buff or white colour and shrivelling; cresols produce brown colour; copper produces a blue or green colour.oThe colour may also be due to bile when there will be no signs of inflammation, or to fruit juice or food, when it is uniform and without signs of inflammation.S. No.PoisonColor1.Copper sulfate, amytal capsuleBlue2.Ferrous sulfateGreen3.Sulphuric hydrochloric/acetic acid 4.Nitric acidYellow5.Carbolic acidBuff/white6.ArsenicWhite particles7.MercurySlate8.CresolsBrown[?]POST-MORTEM EXTERNAL corroded skin and mucous membrane Appearances in various poisoning:-Sulphuric & hydrochloric acid: grey, becoming black from blood;-Nitric acid: brown;-Hydrofluoric acid: reddish-brown;-Carbolic acid: greyish-white;-Oxalic acid: grey, blackened by blood;-Cresols: brown, leathery;-Caustic alkalis: greyish-white;-Mercuric chloride: bluish-white;-Zinc chloride: whitish; chromic acid & potassium chromate: orange, leathery.oColour of post-mortem staining:-The skin may be dark-brown or yellow in phosphorus and acute copper poisoning;-Cherry-red in poisoning by carbon monoxide;-Chacolate-coloured in cases of death from poisoning by nitrites, aniline, nitrobenzene, acetanilide, bromates, chlorates, etc. due to the formation of methaemoglobin.Other Options[?]Arsenic Poisoning:oPost-mortem internal appearance of stomach: Lesions are mainly found in stomach.oLines of redness running along the walls, sub mucus hemorrhages & stomach mucosa resembles red velvet.oMass of sticky mucus covers the mucosa in which particles of Arsenic may be seen.oCongestion is most marked along the crest of rugae.[?]Mercury Poisoning:oMucosa of gastrointestinal tract shows inflammation, congestion, coagulation & corrosion & shows Slate coloured stain.


Question: Emesis is not contraindicated in

Emesis should be used only if there is difficulty in obtaining gastric lavage. Vomiting can be produced if the medullary centers are still responsive. Due to danger of aspiration of gastric contents, vomiting should only be induced in a conscious patient. Contraindications: Severe hea and lung diseases. Advanced pregnancy. Kerosene poisoning In cases of CNS depression, seizures or rapidly acting CNS poisons (camphor, cyanide, tricyclicantidepressants, propoxyphene and strychnine).


Question: Reflex not involved in Harvard's criteria

Harvard's criteria: ventilator is put off for 10 minutes and following responses are noted. Spontaneous respiration Spontaneous circulation Pupillary reflex. Corneal reflex Ocular reflex- oculocephalic and oculovestibular Grimace reflex Gag reflex Flat EEG Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 17


Question: Dry wine is

Chloral hydrate (dry wine) is related to paraldehyde and is an unfashionable drug in modern times, but still used in psychiatric hospitals. It is mixed with food or drinks to render a person suddenly helpless for the purpose of robbery or rape. Its action is so rapid, hence the name 'knockout drops. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg - 439, 496


Question: Breakfast, Lunch and dinner sign

Bed bugs classically form a line of bites colloquially referred to as " breakfast lunch and dinner" sign and rarely feed in the armpit or behind the knees which may help differentiate it from other hitting insects. Ref: wikipedia


Question: CSF should be collected within

Cistern fluid is examined. The amount of potassium increases at a constant rate in relation to the temperature of the body during the first 20 hours. The concentrations of sodium,calcium and magnesium have no obvious relationship to time since death. Ref: K.S.Narayan Reddy's Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 29th edition, Chapter 7, page-98.


Question: The ratio between ethyl alcohol in blood and Vitreous humor is

Ratio of blood alcohol with different body fluids Whole blood :1.00 Plasma or serum: 1.12 to 1.2 Brain: 0.85 Spinal fluid: 1.1 Vitreous: 1.2 Urine: 1.3 Liver: 0.85 Alveolar air: 0.0021


Question: An alcoholic with poor judgment and decreased skilled motor movements. Blood alcohol level would be


Question: Force of constriction required for the obstruction of Jugular vein is

Just 2 kg constriction force is sufficient to obstruct Jugular vein.


Question: Abortion stick used in criminal abortion causes abortion by the mechanism of

Ans. is 'a' i.e. Uterine contraction Abortion stick is a thin wooden or bamboo stick about 15 to 20 cm long, or a twig of similar length from some irritant plant as mentioned below.When the stick is used it is equipped at one end with cotton wool or a piece of cloth soaked in an irritant substance as mentioned below.The abortion stick or the twig is introduced in the os of the uterus and retained there till uterine contractions begin.Irritant substances used to soak the abortion stickmarking nut juicecalotropis (madar)jequirityasafoetidapaste made from white arsenic, red lead etc.Irritant plants twig used for abortionmadar (Calotropis)chitra (Plumbago zeylandica)lal chitra (Plumbago rosea)kaner (Nerium odorum)


Question: A person keeps a man under his power and threatens him to assault or cause harm without any intension to kill comes under

Ans. b. Section 351 Assault An assault is an offer or threat or attempt to apply to body of another in a hostile manner (Section 351, 1PC)Q.


Question: Micky Finn is

Chloral hydrate is also known as micky finn. It is also known as knock out drops.