Question: Prolonging a person's life through technological means is known as

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Dysthanasia * In medicine, dysthanasia means "bad death" and is considered a common fault of modern medicine: Dysthanasia occurs when a person who is dying has their biological life extended through technological means without regard to the person's quality of life.* Dysthanasia is the term for futile or useless treatment, which does not benefit a terminal patient. It is a process through which one merely extends the dying process and not life per se. Consequently, patients have a prolonged and slow death, frequently accompanied by suffering, pain and anguish. When one invests in healing a patient who has no chance of cure, s/he is actually undermining the person's dignity. Advanced measures and their limits should be assessed to benefit the patient and not to hold science as an end in itself.* Euthanasia is currently conceptualized as an action that aims to end the life of a human being taking into account humanistic considerations in relation to the person or society; it is unethical and illegal in Brazil. Nurses should be aware of their ethical code, which clearly prohibits (article 29): "Promoting euthanasia or participating in practice intended to facilitate a patient's death".* Orthotanasia refers to the art of promoting a humane and correct death, not subjecting patients to misthanasia or dysthanasia and not abbreviating death either, that is, subjecting them to euthanasia. Its great challenge is to enable terminal patients to keep their dignity, where there is a commitment to the well being of patients in the final phase of a disease.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Wredin's test is significant in live born fetus related to

Wredin's test After bih, the gelatinous substance in the middle ear is replaced by air through Eustachian tube. This is now considered as not a reliable test. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 351


Question: Tribadism means

Tribadism or Tribbing Is female-to-female genital sex. Two women rub their vulvae together to stimulate each other's clitoris to orgasm. Female homosexuality is known as tribadism or lesbianism. Sexual perversions are: Exhibitionism: Recurrent urge or behavior to expose one's genitals to an unsuspecting person. Fetishism: Use of non-sexual or non living objects or pa of a person's body to gain sexual excitement. Paialism refers to fetishes specifically involving nonsexual pas of the body. Frotteurism: Recurrent urge or behavior of touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person. Masochism: Recurrent urge or behavior of wanting to be humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer. Pedophilia: Sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Sadism: Recurrent urge or behavior involving acts in which the pain or humiliation of the victim is sexually exciting. Transvestic fetishism: A sexual attraction towards the clothing of the opposite gender. Voyeurism: Recurrent urge or behavior to observe an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing or engaging in sexual activities. Other options: Sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal is called Bestiality. Sexual intercourse between two males is male homosexuality. Anal intercourse between two men or between a male and female.

Sexual relationship between female and animal


Question: Finger Print Bureau was first established in

On 12 June 1897, the Council of the Governor General of India approved a committee repo that fingerprints should be used for the classification of criminal records. Later that year, the Calcutta (now Kolkata) Anthropometric Bureau became the world's first Fingerprint Bureau where Haque & Bose were credited with development of Henry's system of classification of fingerprints. Ref - Internet


Question: IPC 314 deals with

Criminal Aboion Sec. 312 IPC: Whoever (including the pregnant women herself) voluntarily causes criminal aboion with the consent of the patient is liable for imprisonment upto 3 years and with/without fine, and if the woman is quick with child, then imprisonment may extend upto 7 years and fine. Sec. 313 IPC: If miscarriage is caused without the consent of the woman, whether the woman is quick or not, then the person is punished with life imprisonment or imprisonment upto 10 years and fine. Sec. 314 IPC: If pregnant woman dies from the act done with the intent to cause miscarriage, then imprisonment is upto 10 years and fine. If the act is done without the consent of the woman, then the person is punished with life imprisonment or upto 10 years and fine.

Death of the patient caused by miscarriage


Question: Least common complication of lead poisoning in adults

B i.e. Peripheral neuropathy (Don't get astonished this is the correct answer guys)


Question: The professional death sentence is issued by

If the medical practitioner is found to be guilty of committing professional misconduct, the appropriate Medical Council may award such punishment as deemed necessary or may direct the removal altogether or for a specified period, from the register of the name of the delinquent registered practitioner. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 348


Question: A farmer visiting a orchard gets unconscious, excessive salivation , constricted pupils and fasciculation of muscles, treatment staed with


Question: If there is bluish colour of a bruise, then the age of injury is

As red blood cells degrade within a bruise, haemoglobin breaks down into bilirubin and biliverdin, and it is these pigments that pass through a series of colour changes. These are generally from reds through to darker reds/ purples, through to yellows, browns and greens. Determining the Age of a Bruise by its Color Red (swollen, tender) 0-2 days Blue, Purple 2-5 days Green 5-7 days Yellow 7-10 days Brown 10-14 days No fuher evidence of bruising 2-4 weeks Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 200


Question: A lady died due to unnatural death within seven years after her marriage. The inquest in this case will be done by


Question: The most reliable criteria in Gustafson's criteria is

Gustafson's criteria: age determination using secondary changes in teeth. A. AttritionP. Paradentosis S. Secondary dentin - 2nd most reliable R. Root resorption T. Transparency of root - most reliable B. Cementum opposition


Question: Finger pattern may be impaired permanently in case of

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Leprosy Conditions modifying finger prints* Finger prints may be modified in following situations.1) Temporary modification:# It may be due toi) Moderate ridge atrophy (+- loss of pattern) : Coeliac disease.ii) Incomplete ridge atrophy or alteration : Acanthosis nigricans, dermatitis, dry atrophic skin, scleroderma.iii) Distance between ridges change (no change in pattern): Rickets, acromegaly, infantile paralysis.iv) Modification by applying physical agents (by criminals): CO2, snow, corrosives, burns, eroding agents.2) Permanent modification:# It occurs in leprosy, radiation, electric injury, by skin grafting and by complete destruction of skin.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: IPC section 377 describes

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Unnatural sexual offences Rape and other sexual offences and assault* 228IPC: Prohibits disclosure of identity of rape victim.* 375 IPC: Defining rape.* 376 IPC: Punishment for rape (7 years to life imprisonment +- fine).* 376-A IPC: Punishment for marital rape (2 years imprisonment +- fine).* 377 IPC: Unnatural sexual offences (10 years to life imprisonment +- fine).* 354 IPC: Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.* 366-A IPC: Procuration of minor girl for illicit intercourse.* 351 IPC: Defines assault.* 352-358 IPC: Punishment for causing assault.* 509 IPC: Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a women.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: The modernized version of the Hippocratic oath is

The Declaration of Geneva (Physician's Pledge) was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at Geneva in 1948. The Declaration of Geneva was intended as a revision of the Hippocratic Oath. Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 347


Question: Conclusive test for semen

The Acid Phosphatase Test: The prostatic secretion element of seminal fluid contains 500 to 1000 times greater acid phosphatase than any other body fluid. Undiluted semen has an acid phosphatase activity of 340 to 360 Bodanskyunits or 2500 to 3500 Angstrom units per ml. The concentration of acid phosphatase gradually falls with time in vaginal secretions, and positive reactions are found for periods of thiysix hours, with gradual disappearance in 72 hrs. Five to ten ml of normal saline solution is placed in the vagina with a syringe. The fluid is then removed and placed in a sealed tube and refrigerated for enzyme examination. Concentration in excess of hundred Bodansky units with or without motile sperms indicate that ejaculation occurred within twelve hours of examination. Dried seminal stains which have not undergone putrefaction retain acid phosphatase activity for weeks or months, although enzymatic activity decreases slowly with time. This test is conclusive in the absence of demonstrable sperms or in aspermia. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-434,435


Question: The power of Amnesty for capital punishment is vested with

Aicle 72(1) of the Constitution of India states: The President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence (a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a Cou Maial; (b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends; (c) in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death Ref - indiankanoon.org


Question: 'Saturnism' is seen in

Chronic Poisoning (Plumbism, Saturnism or Saturnine Poisoning) Chronic lead poisoning may occur in the industrial environment due to inhalation of lead dust or lead vapour arising from burning of paints, battery, smouldering, glass blowing and polishing, enamel factories, dye, cosmetic, etc. It may also occur due to low dose consumption from drinking water supplied through lead pipes, food preserved in tin containers having lead lining, food contaminated with lead in the course of preservation, etc. Poisoning may occur due to prolonged use of vermilion and cosmetics containing lead. Absorption of tetraethyl lead through skin is common in people who handle petrol or gasoline. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 469


Question: Death caused by rash and negligent of doctor is punishable under


Question: Death sentence can be awarded by

The sessions cou is usually located at district headquaers. It can only try cases which have been committed by a Magistrate S.193, Cr.P.C. It can pass any sentence authorised by law, but a Death sentence passed by it must be confirmed by the High cou.S.28.(2) and S.366, Cr.P.C. District Cou deals with civil cases REF: The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 28th edition page no: 4.


Question: The venom of krait is

Ans. (D). Neurotoxic(Ref: Review of Forensic Medicine and toxicology; Gautum Biswas; 2nd edition; Pg-527)Elapidae - NeurotoxicQ venomViperidae - VasculotoxicQ venomHydrophidae - MyotoxicQ venom

Gram-Positive Infections - Corynebacterial Infections


Question: Characteristic postmoem finding of carbolic acid poisoning is

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Brown leathery stomach Carbolic acid causes of corrosion of lips, mouth and tongue, with burning of chin and cheeks. Vomiting may not take place owing to the anaesthetic action on stomach. The burnt areas are white in colour which later becomes grey, green or brown.In postmoem examination, stomach looks brownish and leathery.


Question: In autopsy, preservative used for vitreous is

Vitreous humor is the preferred specimen for postmoem confirmation of alcohol ingestion, since postmoem formation of ethanol does not occur to significant extent in vitreous, and hence useful even in decomposing bodies. It is recommended that this specimen is included routinely in sudden death investigations. In known diabetics, it is always wise to check the postmoem vitreous glucose level, even when there seems to be some other plausible cause of death. A high vitreous glucose level (> 200 mg/dl or so) is likely reflective of hyperglycaemia. Vitreous humor is preserved using sodium fluoride (10 mg/ml). Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg : 107 ,445


Question: Harakiri wound is self inflicted injury to

(D) Abdomen # Harakiri was originally a means of suicide.> Stab wounds and incised wounds in the abdomen, virtually equivalent to harakiri.> Sudden evisceration of internal organs cause sudden decrease of intra abdominal pressure and cardiac return producing sudden cardiac collapse.


Question: Declaration of 'Oslo' is related to

Declaration of Oslo: therapeutic aboion Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research Declaration of Tokyo: toure, degradation orcruel treatment of prisoners. Declaration of Geneva:revision of the Hippocrates Oath Declaration of Lisbon: rights of the patient Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg 347


Question: Seminal stains on clothes can best be visualised by

Woods lamp using ultraviolet rays can be used . When examined under ultraviolet light, seminal stains exhibit strong bluish-white fluorescence. Stains mixed with blood may not fluoresce. Fluorescence depends upon the choline of the semen. Substances such as food stains, vaginal secretions, urine, pus, etc. may also show fluorescence. Stains on aificial silk do not show fluorescence. The residues of modern detergents on clothes also fluoresce strongly. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 324


Question: Krait is

Cobra,Krait - Neurotoxic
Viper - Hemotoxic / Vasculotoxic
Sea snake - Myotoxic


Question: Green colored urine seen in


Question: Punishment for concealment of birth is given under


Question: Hydrocution is

Immersion Syndrome (Hydrocution): Death in immersion syndrome is due to cardiac arrest as a result of vagal inhibition. It is produced by (i) Cold water stimulatung the nerve endings of the surface of the body (!!) Cold water striking the epigastrium and (!!!) Cold water entering the ear drums, mucosa of pharynx or Larynx Reff: The synopsis of forensic medicine&Toxicology 28th edition pg:191


Question: Atavism is resemblence of features to

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Grandfather "In Atavism the child does not resemble its parents but its grandparents" - Parikh, 6/e.


Question: Gettlers test is for

Ans. is 'd' i.e., Drowning Gettler test Gettler test is done for drowning. It estimates chloride content of blood from both sides of hea. Normally the chloride content is equal in the right and left chambers of the hea (600 mg/100 ml). In fresh water drowning due to hemodilution the chloride content is decreased and in salt water drowning due to hemoconcentration the chloride content is increased in left side of hea. A 25% difference in chloride is significant but the test is of doubtful value. Limitations of gettler test:? 1. No value in atypical drowning; congenital cardiac defects as shunts and patent foramen ovale; and if drowning medium contains same amount of chloride. 2. There is progressive loss of Cl- from blood after death. Therefore the test has to be made within a reasonably sho time after death


Question: A pregnant woman was aborted by doctor, upon the request of husband and in laws, without the  consent of woman herself. This is punishable under

313IPC section-Causing miscarriage without woman s consent-Whoevr commits the offence without the consent of the woman, whether the woman is quick with child or not, shall be punished with imprisonment for life , or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine.


Question: The best way for identification of a person is

Dactylography or Galton system Fingerprints are impressions of patterns formed by the papillary ridges of fingers. In modern times, fingerprints stand as the unique identification data. Fingerprints match is widely accepted as the most reliable evidence of identification. The possibility of another person having the same fingerprints is one in 64 thousand million. i. e. three times the population of the world. Even in identical twins, the fingerprint will be different. Fingerprints do not change throughout life unless damage has occurred to the dermal skin layer. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 97


Question: First internal organ to putrefy

Larynx & trachea -Stomach, intestines & Spleen -Liver (foamy liver) lings-Brain -Hea - Kidneys, bladder -Prostate, uterus-Skin, muscle, tendon - Bones Larynx is the earliest organQto putrefy. Nulliparous uterusQis the last organQto putrefy, gravid uterus and uterus soon after delivery putrefies rapidly In males, ProstateQis the last organ to putrefy Optimum temperature for putrefaction Q


Question: Most common site of primary impact injury topedestrians in a motor vehicle accident is...

legs Three types of injuries are seen in pedestrians in a motor vehicles injury. 1. Primary impact injuries (the first pa struck) - These injuries are caused by the first impact between the vehicle and the pedestrian. 2. Secondary impact injuries (fuher injuries by the same vehicle) - These injuries are d/t subsequent impact with the same vehicle, for eg. the pedestrian may be lifted on to the vehicle after the initial impact. 3. Secondary injuries (sometimes also called teiary injuries) - These are the injuries caused d/t the victim falling on the ground or other stationary object. In primary impact injuries, the site and nature of injuries depend on the height of the pedestrian and upon the position of the person in relation to the vehicle when struck, i.e. whether crossing the road from one side to the other walking with or against the traffic. The injuries also depend upon the relative heights of various pas of the vehicle, i.e. bumper, radiator, fenders. In a typical case, the victim is struck by the front of the vehicle. An adult usually sustains injuries on the legs and a child on the head. Fracture of the tibia and, fibula of one or both legs is k/a bumper fracture. - The fracture is usually spiral or wedge shaped. The base of the triangular fragment of bone indicates the site of the impact and the apex points in the direction in which the vehicle was travelling. - In a bumber fracture, the distance from the heel to the ,fracture sire gives information regarding height of the bumper and whether brakes were applied or not. When brakes are applied before the accident, the legs are injured at a lower level. (The .front bumber tends to rise during acceleration and dip under braking. If the pedestrian is hit from the side, there may be unilateral fracture of the nearest leg. If the pedestrian is facing the vehicle. he may sustain intra-abdominal injuries and/or injuries to the chest wall and thoracic contents. Sometimes the pelvis is fractured.


Question: Primary impact injury is most common in

D i.e. Leg In pedistrian injuries, legs are most commonly involvedQ (85%) followed by head (50 -80%) > arms > pelvis > chest or abdomen > neck & spineQ. Most common type of primary impact injury is bumper injuries of legsQ d/t vehicle hitting from front.


Question: IPC section 314 deals with

312-causing miscarriage with consent 313-causing miscarriage without consent 314-death of mother due to miscarriage 315-Preventing the child being or cause it to die after bih 316-Causing death of the quick unborn child by act to culpable homicide Textbook of Forensic Medicine and toxicology ,5th edition pg number 387

Preventing the child being alive or to cause it to die after bih


Question: Preauricular sulcus helps in detection of

The preauricular sulcus is a pa of the pelvis. it is used to identify the sex of an individual. it is not frequent narrow shallow in males and it is more frequent broad and deep in females. REF: The Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29th edition page no: 36.


Question: Mc Naughten's rule comes under

Sec 84 IPC says that "Nothing is an offence which is done by a person, who at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to law.


Question: A dead body with suspected poisoning is having hypostasis of red brown or deep blue in colour. It is suggestive of poisoning due to


Question: Magistrate inquest not required in

Magistrate's inquest is an inquest conducted by a District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and magistrate of the first class rank or any other magistrate as empowered by the State Government, such as Collector, Deputy Collector or Tehsildar (Executive Magistrates). An inquiry by Magistrate into cause of death dealt by Sec. 176 CrPC. Special Magistrate's inquest is held in cases of: Deaths in prison/police custody/police interrogation/police firing Death in a psychiatric hospital Rape alleged to have been committed on any woman in the custody of the police Exhumation cases Alleged dowry death (suicide/death of a woman within 7 years of marriage) In all cases where the police normally conduct inquests, the magistrate can hold an additional inquest, or in place of the police inquest. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 7


Question: In case of serious professional misconduct, action is taken by


Question: Telephone scotologia is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Exhibitionism * Making obscene telephone calls for sexual pleasure is known as telephone scatologia and is considered a form of exhibitionism.* Exhibitionism (Sec 294 IPC): It is a willful and intentional exposure of the genitalia in a public place while in the presence of others to obtain sexual pleasure. May or may not be associated with masturbation (punishment = 3 months + fine).* Voyeurism = Scoptophilia = Peeping tom: Sexual gratification is obtained by looking at the sexual organs of other persons, watching the act of sexual intercourse, or witnessing undressing by a woman.* Frotteurism : Sexual satisfaction is obtained by rubbing against persons in crowd. If they attempt intercourse, they have a premature ejaculation or they are impotent. It is an uncommon perversion and rarely occurs alone.* Fetishism : A fetish is an abnormal stimulus or object of sexual desire. Fetishism means the use of such objects of sexual gratification leading to orgasm. For example underclothing, brassiere, petticoat, stocking, shoes, etc.


Question: If parents or guardian is not available consent can be taken from teacher or principal under

Loco parentis In an emergency involving children, when their parents or guardian are not available, consent can be taken from the person who is in charge of the child, eg. teacher or the principal of the residential school. They can give consent in the place of the parent. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 385


Question: Traumatic asphyxia is a type of

Positional asphyxia- Death caused by "Jack knife position''


Question: &;BEATING HEA DONOR&; refers to

THE BEATING-HEA DONOR: After brain stem death has been established, the retention of the patient on the ventilator facilitates a fully oxygenated cadaver transplant, the so-called "beating-hea donor". The results of the transplant are much improved. This has no legal sanction. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-136


Question: Punishment for rape is defined under

Section 376 IPC: Punishment for Rape Whoever commits rape, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than 7 years but which may be for life, or for a term which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 306


Question: Cephalic index of Mongolians is

Cephalic index (Index of Breadth) is Maximum Breadth of Skull / Maximum Length of Skull. From the Cephalic index, race can be determined in 85 - 90% of cases. The skull of an Indian is Caucasian with a few Negroid characters. Type of skull Cephalic index Race Dolicocephalic (long-headed) 70-75 Pure Aryans, Aborigines, Negroes Mesaticephalic (medium-headed) 75-80 Europeans, Chinese, Indians Brachycephalic (sho-headed) 80-85 Mongolian Ref: 1.Dr. Narayana Reddy, The Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 34th edition, pg. 57. 2. V.V.Pillay, Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 18th edition, pg. 70.


Question: Contre coup injury is seen in

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Brain Brain injuries* Coup injury is defined as the injury of skull and/or brain at the site of impact, e.g. a blow on forehead, resulting in fracture of frontal bone and injury or haemorrhage in frontal lobe.* Contre coup injury is defined as an injury to the skull or brain, on opposite (contralateral) side of the area of impact. It is caused when moving head is suddenly decelerated by hitting a firm surface.* Cerebral concussion (stunning) occurs due to head trauma and is characterized by gross physiological disturbance of brain without any anatomical damage. There is sudden loss of consciousness with a tendency to spontaneous recovery. The condition is more severe when damage is caused to the moving head (decceleration injury) than when it results from blows to skull. Recovery from concussion is often followed by retrograde amnesia.


Question: In genetic profiling of seminal enzyme markers, Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) can be detected till

PGM - Phosphoglucomutase enzyme. Detected by isoelectric focussing. Can also be detected individually for each person in multiple assailants of rape cases In genetic profiling of seminal enzyme markers,PGM can be detected till 6 hours


Question: Chelating agent used in mercury poisoning is


Question: Caustic poison erodes mucosa because

B i.e. Hygroscopic in nature Caustic alkalis are the commonest cause of chemical burns. The hydroxyl ion produces a saponification of fat, soluble alkaline proteinases, cellular dehydration hygroscopic excrating water from tissues)Q, exothermic reaction, coagulation of cellular proteins and conversion of hemoglobin into haematin. Mainly in the local tissues of alimentary tract (or rarely respiratory) mucosa.


Question: Presence of water in middle ear is indicative of

In postmortem drowning this finding is not seen.


Question: Testamentary capacity refers to

Ans. (A). Ability to make a valid will(Ref: KSN Reddy, Essentials of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 33rd Ed., P. 493)Testamentary capacityQMental Ability of a person to make a valid willHolograph willQWritten by the testator in his own hand writingSomnambulismSleep walkingSomnolentiaSleep - drunkenness - midway between sleep and walking, he may commit some crime due to confusion of the mind


Question: Line I in International Death Certificate is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Disease leading directly to death International Death Cetificate* The certificate has two parts (Part I and Part II) and a section to record the time interval between the onset of each codition and the date of death.* Part I - To record diseases or conditions related to the sequence of events leading directly to the death.* Part II - To record conditions that have no direct connection with the events leading to death but which, by their nature, contributed to the death.INTERNATIONAL FORM OF THE MEDICAL CERTIFICATE FOR CAUSE OF DEATHINTERNATIONAL FORM OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATE OF DEATHCause of deathApproximate interval between onset and deathIDisease or condition directly leading to death a) .................................due to (or as a consequence of)...............Antecedent causesMorbid conditions, if any, giving rise to the above cause, stating the underlying condition last.b)..................................due to (or as a consequence of)...............c) ..................................due to (or as a consequence of)...............d) .................................................IIOther significant conditions contributing to the death, but not related to the disease or conditions causing it .................................................."this does not mean the mode of dying, e.g. heart failure, respiratory failure, it means the disease, injury, or complication that caused death.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: One of the following toxalbumin is used as terrorist weapon

Ricin obtained from Ricinus communis: most poisonous naturally occurring substances known. Ricin is toxic by numerous exposure routes and its use by terrorists might involve poisoning of water or foodstuffs, inoculation ricin-laced projectiles, or aerosolization of liquid ricin or distribution of powder.


Question: The law of insanity and criminal responsibility is embodied in section

B. i.e. (84 - IPC) (6.27 - Parikh 6th)* The law of insanity and criminal responsibility is embodied in section 84 IPC while section 85 and 86 deal with drunkenness and criminal responsibilityIMPORTANT - SECTIONS***Perjury (Giving false evidence)-191-IPC*Fabricating false evidence-192 IPC*Punishment for false evidence-193 IPC*Culpable homicide-299 IPC*Murder-302 IPC***Criminal negligence-304 - A IPC*** Dowry death-304 - B IPC*Abetment of suicide-306 IPC*Attempt to commit suicide-309 IPC***Grievous hurt (Kerala 08)-320 IPC*** Rape-375 IPC** Punishment of Rape-376 IPC* Issuing or signing a false certificate is punishable under section 197 IPC*** **Tests for criminal responsibility - Right or wrong, Durham's, Curren's

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Cause of death in organophosphorous poisoning is due to

The most common cause of death by organophosphate poisoning is respiratory impairment. Death usually occurs within the first 24 hours of ingestion in untreated cases.Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg: 533


Question: Optic atrophy is characteristic feature of poisoning by

(D) Methyl alcohol # Ocular features of Methyl alcohol poisoning:> Visual disturbances like photophobia and blurred or misty vision (snowfield vision), seeing spots, central and peripheral scotomata decreased light perception concentric diminution of visual fields for colour and form, followed by fairly sudden failure of vision or complete blindness occur due to optic neuritis and atrophy from the effects of formic acid on the optic nerve.


Question: Verdigris is

Copper is not poisonous in the metallic state, but some of its salts are poisonous. The two most commonly known salts are copper sulphate or blue vitriol and the subacetate or verdigris.Copper subacetate is a bluish green salt formed by the action of vegetable acids on copper cooking vessels that are not properly tinned.Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg: 569


Question: The age of the given Xray is

Reason: Ankle joint: Lower end of tibia and fibula have fused Age is more than 16 years


Question: Ochronosis is seen in poisoning with

CARBOLIC ACID (phenol; OH) In the body, phenol is paly oxidised to hydroquinone and pyrocatechol. CHRONIC POISONING (PHENOL MARASMUS) It is characterised by anorexia, weight loss, headache, veigo, dark urine and pigmentation of skin and sclera. The hydroquinone and pyrocatechol may cause pigmentation in the cornea and various cailages, a condition called oochronosis. Oochronosis is commonly associated with alkaptonuria (an inborn error of metabolism), in which homegentisic acid gets deposited in cailages, ligaments and fibrous tissues. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-535


Question: CSF is preserved for examination in case of

Alcohol is evenly distributed throughout the body water, and crosses the blood brain barrier easily. Hence is detected in CSF. And so causes, dependence and tolerance. CSF should be drawn out as early as possible. There is sustained increase of potassium levels in CSF within 20 hrs after death. Ref: K.S,Narayan Reddy's Synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 29th edition, Chapter 29, page- 316.


Question: Stellate wound is produced with firearm in

Stellate wound is a characteristic of a contact wound. Specific appearances of contact shot: Muzzle/Recoil imprint mark is regarded as a patterned abrasion/ intradermal contusion caused by the expansive power of the gases lifting the skin forcibly up against the muzzle.- Characteristic imprint marks can provide clues to the type of the firearm and its position at the time of discharge. Back spatter: In a contact shot, the muzzle blast and negative pressure in the barrel may suck blood, hair, fragments of tissues and cloth fibers back into the barrel. Blowback phenomenon: Cruciate, stellate or ragged laceration is seen, especially if there is a thick bone immediately under the skin, such as the skull. This occurs as a result of expansion of gases beneath the skin and their exit through the entry wound (in contact wounds).


Question: Gang Rape is punished under

Punishment for gang rape is 20 years jail or life imprisonment.


Question: Mooning is a form of

Flashing: The act of momentarily exposing or revealing sexual body pa by quickly moving the clothing. Streaking: The act of running naked through a public place. Mooning: The act of displaying one's bare buttocks, by lowering the pants and bending over


Question: Cheiloscopy is the study of prints of


Question: Gutter fractures of the skull are most often seen with

Gutter fracture: seen in oblique bullet wounds a pa of the thickness of the skull bone is removed so as to form a gutter/ channel/ trench. usually accompanied by comminuted depressed fracture of the inner table of skulland the fragments causing injury to the meninges and brain


Question: Onus of proof in civil negligence case lies against doctor lies on


Question: The method not used in the stature estimation from bones is

Stature from Skeletal Remains Stature can also be determined from skeletal bones by mathematical calculations or formula. Usually long bones are ideal for determining stature. Formulae used to estimate stature in medicolegal practice are: Karl Pearson's formula Trotter and Glaister's formula multiplication factors devised by Indian researchers Stature (S) = Average length of long bone (l) x Multiplication factor (MF)


Question: Condition promoting adipocere formation


Question: In finger print reader (FINDER), prints of eight fingers are recorded excluding

Fingerprint reader (FINDER) is a computerised automatic fingerprint reading system which can record each fingerprint data in half second. Prints of eight fingers are recorded excluding little fingersQ.


Question: 'Greek love' means

Sodomy means anal intercourse between two males (homosexual) or between a male and female (heterosexual). It used to be practiced in the town of Sodom, from where it acquired its name. The Greeks of the Golden Age also practiced it and therefore sometimes it is called Greek Love. It is also called Buggery.Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e; Chapter 20; Page no: 320


Question: Medical jurisprudence deals with

Answer: a) Legal aspects of practice of Medicine (KS NARAYAN REDDY 33rd ED P-1) Forensic (Legal) Medicine: Application of medical knowledge to aid in the administration of justice Medical Jurisprudence: legal responsibilities of a physician, with reference to those arising from physician patient relationship (in short - legal aspects of practice of medicine) Medical ethics: moral principles which should guide the members of medical profession Medical etiquette: conventional laws of courtesy observed between the members of medical profession

Medical knowledge to aid in the administration of justice

Courtesy obtained between medical professionals

Moral principles that guide the members of medical profession

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: The earliest sign of maceration is

Degradation: Decomposition causes a loss of anatomic integrity of skin and other tissues such as localized peeling of skin ('skin slippage'), loosening of the skin of hands and feet ('degloving') and loosening of hair and nails. The earliest sign of maceration is skin slippage of the face, back or abdomen which may be seen in 12 h after death in utero. By 24 h, sin is brown or purplish in color. Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg : 148


Question: Declaration of Oslo deals with


Question: Sexual gratification obtained through in animate objects

FETISHISM The hallmark of fetishism is long-standing compulsive sexual interest in nonliving objects that are used to generate sexual excitement. In the ordinary human life, males do repo having interest and attraction to object worn by their sexual paners such as brassieres, panties, gaer belts, hose, and boots/socks, etc. However, fetishism is an extreme exaggeration of an attachment to objects and the individual may go to extremes to obtain fetishistic objects (e.g., breaking into houses to steal the things/objects). As the fetish object becomes more ingrained in an individual's sexual arousal pattern, he may hold or fondle with fetish object items and may masturbate in them. A fetichist who is fascinated by female hair may follow females with long hair and reso to cutting them. In extreme cases, relationship of fetishist with the fetish objects may become dominant, with conflict usually erupting between the paners as to the extent of intrusion of the fetish object Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 425


Question: Duret haemorrhage is seen in

Duret haemorrhage - Delayed, secondary brainstem hemorrhages seen in midbrain and pons. - Occurs in cranio-cerebral trauma victims - They are caused by a traumatic downward displacement of the brainstem.


Question: Vegetable viper snake poison is


Question: Estimation of age examination of teeth is by

(B) Gustafson's method # Gustafson's method is the formula used to determine the age of a person from changes in dental structures the age estimation is useful only for a person more than 21 yrs. transparency of tooth


Question: The eruption of temporary teeth will be completed by

The eruption of temporary teeth is completed at around 25 months (2 years) by the eruption of 2nd molar.


Question: Putrefaction sign first appears at

First external sign of putrefaction is the greenish discolouration in right iliac fossa. Internally, first site of reddish brown discolouration is aoic intima and then the undersurface of liver


Question: Nysten&;s rule is related to

The Order of Appearance of Rigor All muscles of the body, both voluntary and involuntary are affected. It does not sta in all muscles simultaneously (Nysten&;s rule). It first appears in involuntary muscles; the myocardium becomes rigid in an hour. It begins in the eyelids, neck and lower jaw and passes upwards to the muscles of the face, and downwards to the muscles of the chest, upper limbs, abdomen and lower limbs and lastly in the fingers and toes. In individual limbs, it usually progresses from above downwards. Such a sequence is not constant, symmetrical or regular. In individual limbs, it disappears in the same order in which it has appeared. Shapiro (1950) suggests that rigor mois does not follow the anatomical sequence usually described. He suggests that as rigor mois is a physicochemical process, it is most likely to develop simultaneously in all the muscles, although the changes are more easily first detected in the smaller masses than in the larger. The proximo-distal progression is more apparent than real, for the sequence is determined by the bulk and kind of muscle involved. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-161

Order of appearance of post moem caloricity


Question: The antidote of poisoning due to Arninanita muscaria is

D i.e. Atropine Amanita muscaria & Amanita phalloides are poisonous mushrooms with parasympathetic (Cholinergic) symptoms. So AtropineQ is used as antidote in severe cases; but avoided in mild case as it excerhates delirium.


Question: Copper sulfate poisoning manifests with

COPPER Poisonous Compounds: (1) Copper sulphate (blue vitriol) occurs in large, blue crystals. (2) Copper subacetate (verdigris), occurs in bluish-green masses or powder. Signs and Symptoms: Increased salivation, burning pain in the stomach with colicky abdominal pain, thirst, nausea, eructations and repeated vomiting. The vomited matter is blue or green. There is diarrhoea with much straining; motions are liquid and brown but not bloody. Oliguria, haematuria, albuminuria, acidosis and uraemia may occur. In severe cases haemolysis,haemoglobinuria, methaemoglobinaemia, jaundice, pancreatitis and cramps of legs or spasms and convulsions occur. The breathing is difficult, cold perspiration and severe headache occur. In some cases, paralysis of limbs is followed by drowsiness, insensibility, coma and death due to shock. Later deaths occur due to hepatic or renal failure or both. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-547


Question: Police inquest is A/E


Question: For exhumation, the order should be given by

Exhumation is to be carried out under the orders of the appropriate authority. District Magistrate/Sub-Divisional Magistrate/Executive Magistrate are empowered to order for the exhumation. Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 28


Question: Ideal temperature to preserve the body for a post moem is

The ideal temperature for keeping a dead body for autopsy is 4degC. To keep a body for long duration for other purposes the temperature is -20degC. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 42


Question: A patient lalita present with dry mouth, pupillary dilation and warm skin, the likely drug toxicity is

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Amitriptyline Most Tricyclic antidepressants (Imipramine, Amitriptyline) are potent anticholinergics.The symptoms shown by patient are because of anticholinergic effect of Amitriptyline.

Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques


Question: Strychnine poisoning mimics

STRYCHNINE SULPHATE an alkaloid of nux vomica plant is a potent convulsant poison with a lethal dose of a few milligrams per kg body weight formost animals. It lowers the threshold for stimulation of spinal reflexes by blocking inhibitory pathways exeed by Renshaw cells over the motor cells in the spinal cord. As a result, poisonedanimals go into tetanic convulsions, in response to rather minimal sensory stimuli. (as in tetany)Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg:539


Question: Buonian line is seen with poisoning of


Question: The period of bility of a child is

Viability of a child Viability means ability of a child to have separate existence after it is separated from its mother. The period of bility is 210 days( 7 months or 28weeks) ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 347


Question: Postmoem lividity is unlikely to develop in a case of

B i.e. Drowning in fast flowing water (river)


Question: Postmoem caloricity is not seen in

Postmoem Caloricity : Body temperature remains elevated for the first 2 hours after death. Normally, there is a steady decline in body temperature after death. But in this state, the body temperature does not fall in the initial few hours after death. Mechanism Endogenous heat production (heat produced within the body) Disturbed regulation of heat production before death - Heat stroke, Pontine haemorrhage Heat production due to muscle convulsions - tetanus, strychnine poisoning Heat production due to excessive bacterial activity, as in septicaemic conditions, cholera and other fevers. Not seen in postmoem glycogenolysis


Question: In stab wounds, langer's liner determine


Question: Foamy liver is found in

(Putrefaction) (3.25-P)PUTREFACTION - Liver becomes softened and flaby* Owing to the evolution of gases in its substances. It becomes spongy and present a honey- combed appearance (foamy or Swiss Cheese liver)* The patch of greenish discolouration appears early and gradually extends to the whole organ which ultimately becomes black.


Question: Doctrine of common knowledge is a variant of

Doctrine of common knowledge Doctrine of Common Knowledge - It is based on the assumption that the issue of negligence in the paicular case is not related to specialized knowledge or technical matters of the medical profession, but an act involving application of common knowledge. - Expes may not provide evidence regarding matters of 'common knowledge'. - It is a variant of res ipsa loquitur


Question: Cephalic index determines

(Race) (2.26-P)Cranial or Cephalic Index - determining the race* of an individualsCI=Maximum Transverse breadthMaximum A.P. lengthx 100 FeaturesBlack (Negro)European or CaucacoidMongolsCephalic Index (Cl)70- 74.975- 79.980 and aboveType of skullDolicho- cephalic or Long headedMesati-cephalic or Medium headedBrachy-cephalic or Round headedExamplesAryans and AboriginsRajputs, Brahmins, & Kayasthas of BengalAmericans, Koreans, Japanes, Chinese, South east asians

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Stain used to stain X chromosome

Barr body is formed due to random inactivation or condensation of one of the 2 female chromosomes in all the somatic cells of female mammals. Buccal smears are known to be potential source of Barr bodies. Acriflavin schiff stain was used in staining these Barr bodies. Ref: NCBI.org


Question: Pupils alternatively contract and dilate known as hippus sign, is seen in

Aconite poisoning occular: pupils show alternate constriction and dilatation. This is called hippus. In later stages, pupils will become widely dilated with dimness of vision and dipolopia. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 470


Question: Opisthotonus posture is caused by wof

STRYCHNOS NUX VOMICA Strychnine ( kuchila) is a powerful alkaloid obtained from the seeds of strychnos nux vomica. The seeds contain two principal alkaloids; strychnine and brucine. Mech of Action: It competitively blocks ventral horn motor neurone postganglionic receptor sites in the spinal cord and brainstem and prevents the effects of glycine (the presumed inhibitory transmitter). Widespread inhibition in the spinal cord results in &;release&; excitation. The action is paicularly noted in the anterior horn cells. It stimulates the cerebralcoex. GABA, the neurotransmitter for presynaptic inhibitory neurons is not affected. Signs and Symptoms: When crushed seeds are taken, the symptoms are delayed for an hour or more. If the alkaloid is swallowed, the symptoms occur very rapidly, usually within five to fifteen minutes. Bitter taste in the mouth, sense of uneasiness and restlessness, feeling of suffocation and fear, and difficulty in swallowing occur. The convulsions are preceded by such prodromal symptoms as increased acuity of perception, increased rigidity of muscles, and muscular twitchings. Convulsions are produced due to direct action on the reflex centres of spinal cord, and affect all the muscles at a time. These are at first clonic, but eventually become tonic. During the convulsions, the face is cyanosed and has anxious look, eyes are staring, eyeballs prominent and pupils are dilated. Risus sardonicus results from contraction of the jaws and facial muscles in which the corners of the mouth are drawn back. The mouth is covered with froth, frequently bloodstained. The convulsions are most marked in anti-gravity muscles, so that the body typically arches in hyperextension (opisthotonos). In supine position, the body is suppoed by the heels and head. The legs are adducted and extended, the arms are flexed over the chest or rigidly extended, and the hands are tightly clenched. The head is bent backwards, and the whole of the body becomes rigid, often assuming a bow-like form. Sometimes, the spasm of the abdominal muscles may bend the body forward (emprosthotonos), or to the side (pleorosthotonos). Consciousness is not lost and the mind remains clear till death. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-612,613, image plate14


Question: One of the following is a stupefying agent

Examples of stupefying poisons : Alcohol dhatura cannabis chloral hydrate


Question: Rigor mortis in human body starts at

Ans. d (Eyelids)RIGOR MORTIS# Ordinarily, death is followed immediately by total muscular relaxation - primary muscular flaccidity - succeeded in turn by generalised muscular stiffening - rigor mortis.# After a variable period of time rigor mortis passes off spontaneously; followed by secondary muscular flaccidity.# The first investigation on rigor mortis is attributed to Nysten in 1811.# No measurable shortening of muscle occurs during rigor mortis unless the muscles are subjected to tension.# The view that the development of rigor mortis could produce significant movements of the body was promoted by Sommer, in about 1833, and the postulated movements became known as "Sommer's movements". For this reason, when a body is found in a certain position with rigor mortis fully developed, it cannot be assumed that the deceased necessarily died in that position.# Rigor involves voluntary and involuntary muscles.# Contraction of the arrectores pilorum muscles during rigor may result in "goose-flesh" or "cutis anserina". The phenomenon is commonly seen in cases of drowning where it is thought to result from an agonal contraction of the muscles.# Involvement of walls of seminal vesicles by rigor may lead to discharge of seminal fluid at the glans penis.# In individuals who have been exhausted or starved before death, the glycogen stores in muscle are low, so that rigor may develop rapidly.# Typically, rigor is first apparent in small muscles of eyelids, lower jaw and neck, followed by the limbs.# It is generally accepted that rigor mortis passes off in the same order in which it develops.# In temperate climates rigor will typically start to disappear at about 36-48 hours after death. However, if the environ- mental temperature is high then the development of putrefaction may completely displace rigor within 9-12 hours of death.# Accelerated putrefaction resulting from ante-mortem septicaemia may lead to a rapid displacement of rigor.# Exposure of a body to intense heat results in heat stiffening due to coagulation of the muscle proteins. Unlike rigor mortis, heat stiffening is associated with muscle shortening resulting in the characteristic pugilistic posture of burned bodies.# Freezing of a body will cause stiffening of the muscles, postponing the development of rigor which is said to developed as soon as thawing of the body permits.


Question: Psychological autopsy is very helpful in

Refer the byte "Autopsy techniques and types".


Question: A case of murder with gunshot is repoed. A metal bullet is recovered from the body. Primary and Secondary markings on a metal bullet can be used for

A i.e. Identification of weapon - Primary markings (class characteristics) and secondary markings (metallic fouling, individual or accidental characteristics) on a bullet can be used for identification of weaponQ. - Bullet is picked up with handsQ. Gunshot residue on hands can be detected by Dermal nitrate testQ.


Question: Chronic arsenic poisoning


Question: Mirror test is used to

Cessation of respiration : this should be complete and continuous. Complete stoppage of respiration for more than 5 minutes usually causes death. Respiration may stop for very sho period without causing death. Feather test, mirror test and Winslow's test have only historical impoance. Ref: Dr. NARAYANAN REDDYS TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE PAGE 144


Question: Bevelling of inner table of skull is found in

A i.e. Firearm entry wound When a bullet traverses the skull, the apeure in the bone differs in relation to the outer & inner tables; the defect is larger in the I direction in which the bullet travelsQ


Question: Term used for death of full family suicide is

(D) Familicide# FAMILICIDE is a type of murder or murder-suicide in which at least one spouse and one or more children are killed, or in which a parent or parents and possibly other relatives such as siblings and grandparents are killed.> In some cases all of the family members' lives are taken. If only the parents are killed, the case may also be referred to as a parricide. Where all members of a family are killed, including when the killing takes the form of a murder-suicide, the crime may be referred to as family annihilati> Jauhar (Jowhar) is the self-immolation of women, always including queens and female royals of Hindu kingdoms, most notably the Rajput kingdoms of Rajasthan in India, when facing defeat at the hands of an enemy.> Massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war.> Mass suicide occurs when a group of people commit suicide simultaneously. Contents. Examples 1. Historical mass suicides; 2. Religiously motivated.


Question: According to "Delhi Anatomy Act 1957", a person died in a road traffic accident, the body can be said to be unclaimed after.

Unclaimed bodies to be used for anatomical examination.-- (1) Where a person under treatment in a hospital whether established by or vesting in, or maintained by, the Government or any local authority, dies in such hospital and his body is unclaimed, the authorities incharge of such hospital shall, with the least practicable delay repo the fact to the authorised officer and such officer shall then hand over the unclaimed body to the authorities in charge of an approved institution for the purpose of conducting (2) Where a person dies at a hospital other than a hospital referred to in subsection (1) or in a prison and his body is unclaimed, the authorities incharge of such hospital or prison shall, with the least practicable delay, repo the fact to the authorised officer; and the said officer shall hand over the unclaimed body to the authorities in charge of an approved institution for the purpose specified in sub-section (1). Ref: Indiacode.nic.in


Question: Declaration of Sydney is related to

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Time of death Declaration of Sydney* The advent of organ transplantation made this Declaration a guide to determining the time of death of the comatose donor. "Brain death" has displaced "cardiac death" as the essential criterion; and the diagnosis must be made before there is organ death.* The Declaration also states that "If transplantation of an organ is onvolved, the decision that death exists should be made by one or more physicians; and the physicians determining the moment of death should in no way be immediately concerned with the performance of the transplant."* This makes for objectivity. But it is incorrect to say that "death exists" or refer to "the moment of death". The patient is not dead until after life support has been withdrawn.YearDeclarationKey topicMost recently amended1948The Declaration of GenevaHumanitarian goals of medicine20061964The Declaration of HelsinkiHuman experimentation and clinical trials20091968The Declaration of SydneyDetermination of death and the recovery of organs20061970The Declaration of OsloTherapeutic abortion20061975The Declaration of TokyoTorture and other cruel and degrading treatment or punishment20061981The Declaration of LisbonRights of the patient20051983The Declaration of VeniceTerminal illness20061987Declaration on EuthanasiaEuthanasia 20051989The Declaration of Hong KongThe abuse of the elderly20051991The Declaration of MaltaHunger strikers20061997The Declaration of HamburgSupport for medical doctors who refuse to condone or participate in torture20071998The Declaration of OttawaChild health20092000The Declaration of EdinburghPrison conditions and the spread of TB and other communicable diseases20112002The Declaration of Washington Biological weapons20032002Declaration on Patient SafetyPatient safety--2008The Declaration of SeoulProfessional autonomy and clinical independence--2009The Declaration of DelhiHelath and climate change--2011The Declaration of MontevideoDisaster preparedness and medical response--2011Declaration of End-of-LifeMedical CareEndo-of-life care--

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Repeat offence of stalking is

Stalking : - involves following a woman or contacting such woman in spite of clear disinterest or monitors her through internet, e-mail or any other form of electronic communication. It is punishable under Sec. 354-D IPC with imprisonment for upto 3 years and fine (cognizable and bailable) and imprisonment upto 5 years and fine for subsequent offence (cognizable and non-bailable).


Question: Death due to shock after burns occur within

Fatal period Most of the death from burn injuries occur from shock within about 24-48 hours. Death due to toxemia occurs usually within 4-5 days. The first week happens to be the most critical period. In suppurative cases, death may ensue after a few weeks. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 163


Question: Deriving sexual pleasure by seeing or touching inanimate objects of the opposite sex is

FETISHISM The hallmark of fetishism is long-standing compulsive sexual interest in nonliving objects that are used to generate sexual excitement. In the ordinary human life, males do repo having interest and attraction to object worn by their sexual paners such as brassieres, panties, gaer belts, hose, and boots/socks, etc. However, fetishism is an extreme exaggeration of an attachment to objects and the individual may go to extremes to obtain fetishistic objects (e.g., breaking into houses to steal the things/objects). As the fetish object becomes more ingrained in an individual's sexual arousal pattern, he may hold or fondle with fetish object items and may masturbate in them. A fetichist who is fascinated by female hair may follow females with long hair and reso to cutting them. In extreme cases, relationship of fetishist with the fetish objects may become dominant, with conflict usually erupting between the paners as to the extent of intrusion of the fetish object Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 425


Question: Brain is stored in preservative...... for autopsy


Question: First secondary ossification center appears in

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Lower end of femur Site given in question Secondary ossification center appears at Lower end of femur 9th month intrauterine life Upper end of tibia At bih Upper end humerus 1/2 -1 year of age Lower end of fibula 1 year of age


Question: Antidote for oxalic acid poisoning is

Treatment of oxalic acid poisoning (1) The stomach is washed out carefully using calcium lactate or gluconate (2) The antidote for oxalate poisoning is any preparation of calcium which conves the poison into insoluble calcium oxalate.e.g. lime water, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate. calcium chloride, a suspension of chalk in water ormilk. (3) Calcium gluconate 10%, 10 ml. i.v. at frequent intervals. (4) Dialysis or exchange transfusion for renal failure.


Question: Brush burn is due to


Question: If a lady dies of unnatural death within 7years after marriage, the inquest will be done by

Magistrate's Inquest (Section 176 CrPC): To be conducted by District Magistrate/Sub-divisional magistrate/Executive Magistrate/Judicial Magistrate Suicide by a woman within 7 years of her marriage and Death of a woman within 7 years of her Marriage in the circumstances raising a reasonable suspicion. Custodial death/rape Exhumation Ref - Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine 5e pg : 6


Question: Causing hu by means of poison, etc with an intent to commit an offence is punishable under

- Sec. 328 IPC - Causing hu by means of poison, etc with an intent to commit an offence shall be Punishment is imprisonment upto 10 years and also fine. - Sec.326 A IPC - voluntarily causing grievous hu by means of acid - Sec.327 IPC - voluntarily causing hu to exto propey - Sec. 329 IPC - voluntarily causing grievous hu to exto propey

Indian Legal system, Legal sections & Cou procedures


Question: Sign of antemortem hanging is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Eye is open * The important PM findings of Hanging are :i) Ligature mark is above thyroid cartilage, incomplete, bilaterally symmetrical and directed obliquely upward extending to the angles of mandible, then to mastoid and finally to occipital protuberance. Ligature mark is an example of imprinted/pressure/patterned abrasion.ii) Under the ligature mark there is dry, white and glistening pad of fat.iii) There is dribbling of saliva from the angle of the mouth, which is confirmatory sign of antemortem hanging. This is due to irritation of submandibular and parotid glands by ligature.iv) There may be intimal tear of carotid arteries.v) In case of pressure of ligature on cervical sympathetic ganglia, the eye on that side is found open (La facie sympathique). It confirms antemortem hanging.vi) Fracture of hyoid is usually not seen (may be seen only in 10%). Fracture of thyroid cartilage (20-30% cases) and fracture of tracheal rings (5-10%) may be seen. There may be congestion and ecchymosis (hemorrhage) in trachea, larynx, epiglottis and esophagus. All these injuries are more common in strangulation because strangulation is more violent than hanging causing more severe injury to neck structures.vii) Tardieu spots (petechial hemorrhage) are not as pronounced as in strangulation.


Question: Diastatic fracture is

(Seperation of the cranial sutures) (222-Reddy's 29th)DIASTAT1C OR SUTURAL FRACTURES - separation of the sutures occurs only in young persons due to a blow on head with blunt weapon* It may occur alone but often is associated with fracture* It is usually seen in saggital sutures* These are particularly common in traffic accidents* Most successful estimate to union of skull is done from sagittal sutures, next lambdoid and then coronal (72- Reddy 29th)* Fissured fracture - These are linear fractures involving the whole thickness of the bone or inner or outer table only about 70% skull fractures are linear* Comminuted fracture - There are two or more intersecting lines of fracture which divide the bone into three or more fragments, and blows from weapon with a large striking surface eg heavy iron bar* Depressed fracture - "fractures a la signature" (signature fracture) as their pattern often resembles the weapon or agent which caused itLocalized depressed fractures are caused by blows from heavy weapon with a small striking surface** stone, stick, axe, chapper, hammer etc.Gutter fractures - They are formed when part of the thickness of the bone is removed so as to form a gutter eg oblique bullet wounds. They are usually accompanied by irregular, depressedfracture of the inner table of the skull* Hinge fracture of base of skull is also termed as a 'Motor cycylist's fracture' *** (247-Reddy 28th)Crescent fracture is - fracture of the iliac bone with sacroiliac joint disruption**Jefferson is - is a burst fracture where both the anterior and posterior arches of atlas (C1) are fractured by a vertical force acting through the skullClay shroveller's fracture - fracture of spinous process of T1 vertebra caused by violent muscular actionHangman fracture - fracture of C2 vertebra seen injudicial hanging due to extensionBox or Bursting fracture - is an extensive fracture running parallel to the two points of contect separating the two hemisphere. It is frequently caused by being run over by heavy vehicleRing fracture - any fracture round the foramen magnum it result fromI. fall from a height on feet or buttockII. sudden violent turn of the head on the spineIII. severe blow on vertex which drives the skull down wards on the vertebral columnIV. heavy blow directed underneath the occiput or chin

Also known case "Fracture a-la-signature"

A linear fracture involving the whole thickness of the bone


Question: The fingerprint pattern may be impaired permanently in cases of

Fingerprints are usually lost in leprosy, electric injury and after exposure to radiation. It cannot be removed by wounds or burns. It may also produce additional characteristics.Dr.K.S.Narayana Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 27th edition pg. 48.


Question: Two identical twins will not have same


Question: The range of shot gun is

At a range of 50 yardsbthe gun has a dispersion of about 8 feet and will disable a man. At a close range it is very effective and will kill. A shot gun also known as scatter gun , is a long gun or shoulder fired weapon that fires shot shells instead of catridges tipped with bullets. Ref: hypeextbook.com


Question: Giving commission to other doctor is

Ans. a (Dichotomy). (Ref. Textbook of FMT by Parikh-5th ed. 558)Dichotomy is giving commission to the other doctor for favouring or referring the patient, recommending or procuring any patient for medical, surgical or other treatment (fee-sharing).Covering is a RMP protecting a non-medical person who practices medicine.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Dowry death is defined under section

Dowry death is defined under section 304 B *According to this if husband or his relative subjects the woman to cruelty or harassment in demand of dowry within 7 years of marriage,they shall be deemed to have caused her death *The punishment for such cases is improvement for not less than 7 years,but may be extended to life imprisonment OptionA :Section 304 A IPC:Causing death by negligence Option C:Section 174 Cr. P. C:Police inquest Option D:Section 176 Cr. P. C. Magistrate inquest Textbook of Forensic Medicine and toxicology 2nd edition pg333


Question: Permanent erasure of fingerprint is seen following

Dactylography or Galton system Fingerprints are impressions of patterns formed by the papillary ridges of fingers. Fingerprints do not change throughout life unless damage has occurred to the dermal skin layer. Permanent impairement of fingerprints occur in leprosy, electrical injury, after exposure to radiation, and in dyskeratosis congenita. A very rare medical condition is adermetoglyphia, in which there is absence of finger prints, with no other medical signs or symptoms. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO: 97


Question: Punishment for a person seeking prenatal diagnostic facilities for purpose of sex selection is

Section 23(3) PCPNDT ACT (Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT)Act, 1994) Punishment for a person seeking prenatal diagnostic facilities for purpose of sex selection is 3 - 5 years imprisonment and fine Rs.50000 - 1 lakh

1 year imprisonment and fine Rs.50000 - 1 lakh

Impotency, Virginity, pregnancy & aboion


Question: During examination in injury, hair bulbs are crushed. The probable type of wound is

HAIR BULBS ARE CRUSHED IN LACERATION Laceration - is the tearing of skin or muscles or mucous membrane caused by a shearing or a crushing force, and produced by application of a blunt force to a broad area of the body. - If the blunt force produces extensive bruising and laceration of deeper tissue, it is called crush injury.


Question: The major factor that influence the onset and duration of algor mois is

Factors Affecting Algor Mois : i. Environmental temperature (major factor): Rate of fall of body temperature is directly propoional to the difference between the temperature of the dead body and the environmental temperature. ii. Air movement: Air movement over the surface of the dead body causes a quick fall of temperature due to increased evaporation of body fluids. iii. Humidity: Cooling is more rapid in a humid rather than in a dry atmosphere, since moist air is better conductor of heat. iv. Media of disposal: Cooling is earliest in water, and late in buried bodies. The ratio of the rates of fall of temperature in the three media, water:air: soil = 4:2:1. The rate is thus maximum in water, moderate in air and minimum in a buried body. v. Built of cadaver: Obese bodies cool slowly, and lean bodies rapidly, since fat is a bad conductor of heat. vi. Age and sex: Rate of loss of heat is more in children and the elderly, compared to adults because the surface area of the body is more in relation to the body volume. Females retain body heat for a comparatively longer period because of their subcutaneous fatty tissue. vii. Clothing or coverings of the body: A well-covered body retains heat for a longer period as compared to a naked or thinly clothed body, as clothes are bad conductors of heat.


Question: Xanthoproteic reaction is due to the formation of

Nitric acid is a powerful oxidising agent and reacts with organic matter to produce trinitrophenol, liberating nitrogen monoxide (xanthoproteic reaction).


Question: A physician is punishable for infecting a normal healthy person with HIV positive needle, this comes under


Question: Punishment for the offence of rape under

(376- IPC) (5.29- P)Law on Rape in India* Under section 375 IPC, rape is defined as unlawful sexual intercourse by a man with his wife under the age of 15years with any other woman under the age of 16years or above that age, against her will, with out her con cent or with her consent when it has been obtained by unlawful means* Section 376 IPC lays down the punishment for the offence of rape which may extendfrom seven years to life imprisonment and also fine* Section 228 IPC prohibits disclosure of the identity of the victim of rape* Under section 327 CrPC, the inquiry into and trial of rape or an offence under section 376 IPC shall be conducted in camera and it is not lawful for any person to print or publish any matter in relation to such proceeding except with the permission of the court

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Pink disease is seen in

Acrodynia(Pick disease) is seen in mercury poisening.


Question: Harakiri means

Harakiri (seppuku) is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by disembowelment. Stab injury in the abdomen (L-shaped), causing instantaneous evisceration of bowel loops. It results in sudden decrease in abdominal pressure and cardiac return resulting in circulatory collapse and death.


Question: "Res ipsa loquitar" means

Ans. c (Things speak for themselves). (Ref. Parikh, FMT, 5th ed., 575)In cases of professional negligence in some circumstances doctrine of "Res ipsa loquitar" (Things speak for themselves) can be invoked.

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn


Question: Confabulation is seen in case of chronic poisoning with

The Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome occurs due to thiamine deficiency which can be a result of chronic alcohol addiction. In the acute form, drowsiness, disorientation, ataxia, amnesia and peripheral neuropathy are seen. Horizontal nystagmus and external ocular palsies may be seen. Korsakoff psychosis characterized by impairment of memory and confabulationConfabulation is the unconscious filling of gaps in memory by imagining experiences or events that have no basis in fact.Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology 5e pg:407


Question: Failure of the administrators of the hospital to provide adequate facilities comes under

Corporate negligence It is the failure of the administrators of the hospital to provide the adequate facilities including doctors. The hospital administration should provide standard equipments and competent employees. If the damage has occured as a result of negligent action of hospital administration, then it is liable for the damages. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 382


Question: ashleys rule is

ashleys rule : sex detrmination by sternum krogmanns accuracy - sexing of adults in humans using pelvis ref : narayanareddy


Question: Gastric lavage is contraindicated in

(Sulphuric acid): (480- Reddi 31st edition; 8.13 -Parikh 6th7ed)Only absolute contraindicated is corrosive poisoning (eg sulphuric acid) EXCEPT carboxic acid owing to the danger of perforationComplications1. Laryngeal spasm2. Aspiration pneumonitis3. Perforation of stomach4. Sinus bradycardiaIn the following conditions stomach wash can be done by taking proper precautions1. Convulsant poisons strychnine poisoning as it may lead to convulsions Lavage should be done after controlling the convulsions2. Comatose patient - because of the risk of aspiration of fluid into the air passages. The airway should be sealed by cuffed endotracheal tube (8 to 9mm) and lavage done3. Volatile poisons Kerosene which may be inhaled4. Upper alimentary disease eg oesophageal varices5. In patient with marked hypothermia and haemorrhagic diathesis


Question: Harakari practiced in Japan is

Harakari practiced in Japan is suicidal stab injury.
It is a form of ritual suicide by disembowelment.


Question: Hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation leading to death occurs in

The above presentation is characteristic of freshwater drowning.


Question: About 20 gms of hairs required to be preserved in

Hair and nails are preserved in heavy metal poisoning e.g. arsenic, antimony, radium, thalium.


Question: Red velvety appearance of stomach is seen in the poisoning of

Black foot disease :

Chronic exposure of arsenic causef varosparm and peripheral varcular infufficiency.
Dry gangrene and spotaneous amputations of affected extremitier.
Red velvety stomach mucosa(Strawberry stomach) arsenic poisonig.
Blue linking on gems - lead(Bustonian line).
Tremors  - Mercury(intertional tremors).
Anemia - lead(microcytic hypochromic anemia).


Question: Proximal tubule proteinuria and painful bone lesions are seen in overdose of

Cadmium 1. Proximal tubule proteinuria and painful bone lesions are seen in overdose of Cadmium. 2. PCT necrosis is seen in- Arsenic, Carbon tetra Chloride, Cantharid, Lysol, Mercury, Phenol.) Ref : Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic medicine and Toxicology 5th edtion ; pg no - 567


Question: Blocking of the internal air passage by external pressure over neck & chest is

Cause Condition Occlusion of the internal airways by external pressure over neck Strangulation/hanging Blockage of the external orifices Smothering Blockage of the internal airways at nasopharynx Gagging Blockage of the internal airways at larynx Choking Occlusion of mouth and nose, and blockage of the internal airways by external pressure Overlaying Restriction of chest movement due to external mechanical fixation Traumatic asphyxia Occlusion of the internal airways by external pressure Wedging


Question: Gettler test is for


Question: Robe's sign is seen in

Robe's sign: presence of gas in the great vessels (12 hours of intrauterine death) Spalding sign: overriding of bones of cranial vault (5 -7 days of intrauterine death)


Question: Fracture of Hyoid bone is indicative of

Fracture of hyoid bone is commonly seen in Throttling.


Question: Aboion stick used in criminal aboion causes aboion by the mechanism of

A i.e. Uterine contraction Aboion stick used in criminal aboion causes aboion by uterine contractionQ


Question: Whiplash injury is damage to

Ans. (b) SpineRef: The essentials of FSM by KS Narayan Reddy 31st ed. 1246* Fracture of spine need not injure the cord, but the cord is rarely injured without associated fractures of the vertebral column. "Whiplash injury" is an exception to this rule. This injury sustained commonly by the occupants of the front seat. When the vehicle comes to a sudden stop, there is forward thurst which produces acute hyperflexion but this converted into acute hyperextension as the forehead strikes the windscreen which causes injury to the cervical column.


Question: A patient was brought with a history of pyrexia, contracted pupils, hypotension, cyanosis, progressing to coma is suspected to be suffering from poisoning due to

Pyrexia + contracted pupils = Phenobarbitone poisoning Pyrexia + dilated pupils = Datura poisoning Constriction of the pupils (miosis) is typical of opioids, clonidine, phenothiazines, and cholinesterase inhibitors (eg, organophosphate insecticides), and deep coma due to sedative drugs.(Phenobarbitone) Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 508


Question: Finger prints are obtained upto a depth of

Histological section upto a depth of 0.6 mm from finger pad surface can give satisfactory results. Ridges are present both in dermis and epidermis.


Question: Black tongue is seen in abuse of

Ans. is 'd' i.e. cocaine The tongue and teeth of chronic cocaine users are black.Also importantMagnate's symptoms*: seen in chronic cocaine users. Consists of tactile hallucinations * as if small insects are creeping on the skin (cocaine bugs)* or grains of sand are lying under the skin.

Forensic Toxicology - Concepts, Statutes, Evidence, and Techniques


Question: Poisoning by an irritant may be mistaken for

Irritants cause symptoms of gastroenteritis eg: abdominal pain, vomiting, purging.


Question: Multiplication factor for estimating height from length of foot is

(Length of one upper limb x 2) +34 is equal to stature. Height of head x 8 is equal to stature Length from veex to pubis x 2 is equal to height Length of foot x 7 is the approximate height Suprasternal notch to pubic symphysis x 3.3 is equal to stature. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE NO 96


Question: A dead born fetus does not have

Ans. is 'b' i.e. Adipocere formation All the four can be seen in a dead bom fetus but adipocere formation being rare should be the answer."A dead born child is one which has died in utero and may show signs of rigor mortis, maceration or mummification *"Rarely a child which has remained surrounded in amniotic fluid after death may get converted into adipocere".Rigor mortisRigor mortis is common in a dead born fetus before birth causing difficult labour. The most common cause of such rigor mortis is antenatal haemorrhage.MacerationIf the dead fetus remains for some time in the uterus surrounded by liquor amnii but without air, an aseptic autolysis of the foetus occurs. This is known as macerationMummificationIt occurs when death of a foetus results from a deficient supply of blood or when liquor amnii is scanty and when no air has entered the uterus. In this condition the fetus is dried up and shrivelled.


Question: Robert's sign is a feature of

Robert's sign is appearance of gas shadow in chambers of heart and great vessels. It is seen in dead born infant.


Question: The legal responsibilities of an intoxicated person is given under Section of IPC


Question: Whiplash injury is seen in

Shaken baby syndrome (infantile whiplash syndrome) By holding both shoulders, babies and children are shaken causing various injuries. This is done by parents or care takers in anger or frustration. It may cause diffuse axonal injury, subdural hemorrhage, moderate to severe retinal hemorrhage with or without separation. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 356


Question: Grievous Hurt is defined under


Question: Test for detection of old blood stain is


Question: Post moem staining before death can occur in

Postmoem hypostasis is seen before death in cases of cholera, uremia, plague, morphine, etc Ref: researchgate.net


Question: Putrefaction occurs at

Exhumation should be done in early morning under natural light as surroundings have to be observed for unusual changes. Dr. Narayana Reddys Synopsis of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 27 th edition pg. 66.


Question: Ideal condition for adipocere formation includes

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Warm humid air * Moisture present, warmth present, air present - Putrefaction.* Moisture present, warmth present, air absent, i.e. warm humid climate - Adipocere formation (saponification).* Moisture absent, warmth present, air present, i.e. hot dry climate - Mummification.


Question: A 6hours old snake bite patient comes to emergency with mild local edema at the injury site. On examination no abnormalities detected and lab repos are normal. Most appropriate management is

All patients with a history of snake bite should be observed for 8-12 h after the bite, if the skin is broken and the offending snake cannot be positively identified as non-poisonous. Ref: Krishnan vij ; 5th ed; Page no: 484


Question: Arborescent marks' or 'filigree burns' are seen in

Ans. d (Lightening) (Ref. Forensic Medicine Reddy, 17th/ Page 261; Forensic Medicine 1st /Apurva Nandy, 286)# Filigree burns are seen in lightening# Crocodile Flash Burns and "arc eye" are seen in Electrical Injuries# Joule Burn is seen in Electrical Injuries# Spark Burns are seen in Electrical InjuriesLIGHTENING# Mode- Direct Strike- Side Flash - Hits another object and then enters the subject- Conduction through another object# Burns may be- Linear# 3 to 30 cm in length, 0.3 to 2.5 cm in width# Often in moist creased and skin folds- Arborescent or Filigree or Lichtenberg's flowers# Superficial, Thin, Irregular and Tortuous# Fern like pattern# Resembles a tree- Surface burns# True bums which occur beneath metallic objects worn or carried by the person# Cause of Death- Cerebral "Anaemia"# Due to spasmodic contraction of cerebral vesselsEducational Points# Filigree bums usually imply that the effect is superficial and are more often seen in cases where the victims have "escaped". They are seen in shoulders and flanks and pass away in due course of time.# They do not follow the path of blood vessels.# They may be due to:- Copper deposits in Dermis- Deposits of Hemoglobin from RBCs lysed by the current


Question: Dilated pupil, dry mouth is a feature of poisoning due to


Question: Number of bullets fired in a tandem bullet AIIMS 07


Question: Chaing of left lower canine is A/E


Question: Medical etiquette is related to

Medical etiquette:- It deals with the conventional laws of couesy observed between members of the medical profession. A doctor should behave with his colleagues as he would have them behave with himself. Medical jurisprudence (juris= law; prudentia = knowledge):- It deals with legal responsibilities of the physician with paicular reference to those arising from physician-patient relationship, such as medical negligence cases, consent, rights and duties of doctors, serious professional misconduct, medical ethics, etc. In sho, it deals with legal aspects of practice of medicine. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-01


Question: Ossification centre Calcaneum appears in

Ossification centres Foot calcaneum: 5 months of JULY Talus: 7 months Cuboid: 9 months Navicular: 1 year Cuneiforms: 1 to3 years Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 92


Question: Voyeurism is punished under


Question: Mechanism of action of cyanide poison is

(Inhibit cytochrome oxidase): (8.38- Parikh 6th edition)* Cyanide inhibits the action of cytochrome oxidase, carbonic anhydrase and probable of other enzyme system. It blocks the final step of oxidative phosphorylation and prevents the formation of ATP and its use as energy source.* Cyanide acts by reducing the oxygen carrying with the ferric iron atom of intracellular cytochrome oxidase preventing the uptake of oxygen for cellular respiration. There is an interference with the intracellular oxidative processes in the tissues and it kills by creating histotoxic or cytotoxic anoxia, although the blood may contain a normal oxygen content (588- Reddy 31st)


Question: Name the test and is used for

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) : This is a test used for estimation of distance of firing and confirming the hands of those suspected of firing a firearm. The test can detect barium, copper, antimony, etc. from the primer present in the firearm discharge residue, which are activated in a nuclear reactor and then identified by the gamma ray spectrometer. Other tests are: * Dermal nitrate test* Harrison and gilroy test* Neutron activation analysis (NAA)* Image analysis of gunshot residue (IA GSR)* Sodium rhodizonate test

Neutron activation analysis for firearm use


Question: The pregnant female dies while doing illegal abortion. The doctor can be punished under


Question: First internal sign of putrefaction is found


Question: Doctrine of res ipsa loquitur means

res ipsa loquitur means "the thing speaks for itself," - a doctrine of law that one is presumed to be negligent if he/she/it had exclusive control of whatever caused the injury even though there is no specific evidence of an act of negligence, and without negligence the accident would not have happened. Ex: "Leaving a pair of scissors in the abdomen The error is so self-evident that the patient's lawyer need not prove the doctor's guilt with medical evidence. The doctor has to prove his innocence. Ref: Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 364


Question: Cyanide poisoning is treated by

(A) Sodium thiosulphate + Sodium nitrate # Treatment should be started immediately. The principle of the treatment is to reverse the cyanide-cytochrome combination. This is achieved by converting haemoglobin to methaemoglobin by giving nitrites. Break 0.2 c.c ampoule of amyl nitrite in a handkerchief and hold over the patient's nose for 15 to 30 seconds of every minute. 0.3 g. of sodium nitrite in 10 ml. of sterile water is given i.v. slowly, over a period of two to three minutes. Sodium nitrite forms methaemoglobin (Hb-Fe2+), then competeswith cytochrome oxidase for the cyanide ion, thusprotecting cytochrome oxidase. Do not remove theneedle. Through the same needle infuse 25 g. of sodium thiosulphate in 15% solution, i.v. over a period often minutes. It converts cyanide to non-toxic thiocyanate, which is excreted in urine.Repeat the nitrite-thiosulphate injection after an hour if recovery has not occurred. Hydroxocobalamine (Vitamin B12) 4 g. i.v. as infusion is given. It detoxifies cyanide by giving a hydroxyl group and then binding a cyanyl group from the cyanide, forming non-toxic cyanocobalamine which is excreted in the urine. It may be used with sodium thiosulphate which reacts with cyanocobalamine in the presence of the enzyme rhodanase, to produce thiocyanate. Dicobal EDTA acts by chelating cyanide to form a harmless product that is excreted in the urine. 600 mg. is given i.v. slowly. It is followed by 300 mg. if recovery does not occur. Cobalt EDTA and aminophenols are more rapid in action, efficacious, and less toxic than nitrites. 4-dimethylaminophenol (4-DMAP) 3 mg/kg. i.v. Gastric lavage is then performed on those who have ingested cyanide using activated charcoal, a mixture of 6% sodium carbonate, 15% ferrous sulphate and 3% citric acid, or 3% hydrogen peroxide, or 5 to 10% sodium thiosulphate, or 1:5000 potassium permanganate, and 200 ml. is left in the stomach. Alternatively stomach wash can be done with a mixture of sodium bicarbonate and ferrous and ferric chloride. Methylene blue is not effective. Ventilate with hundred percent oxygen. Methaemoglobin of more than fifty percent is an indication for exchange transfusion or administration of blood. If death is delayed, a mixture of ferrous and ferric sulphate with potassium carbonate may be given as a chemical antidote to form Prussian blue. Keep the airway clear. Patient should be kept under observation for 24 to 48 hours, as cyanide toxicity may recur. In poisoning by inhalation, remove the patient at once to fresh air and start artificial respiration and oxygen.


Question: Scandinan method is used in treatment of

Scandinan method is used in treatment of Barbiturate poisoning Anti shock measures, maintenance of patent airway, adequate respiratory suppo with no CNS stimulants. Fluid replacement therapy used without vasopressors.


Question: Locard's exchange principle is for

Locards principal of exchange states that whenever two bodies come in contact with each other, there is exchange of material between the two and so a criminal can be linked to crime.


Question: Accidental choking of respiratory passage by a bolus of food is known as

Cafe coronary is a condition in which a healthy but grossly intoxicated person who begins a meal suddenly turns blue, coughs violently, then collapses and dies.
Death appears to be due to a sudden heart attack. At autopsy, a large piece of poorly chewed food may be found obstructing the larynx.


Question: Grevious hurt is defined under IPC

Ans. (a) 320Ref: The Essentials ofFSM by K.S. Narayan Reddy 31st ed./384-85IPC SectionDefinitionSec 82A child under 7 yrs is incapable of committing an offence. Not applicable to railway act.Sec 83A child >7 &< 12 is presumed to be mature enough to be capable of committing an offence.Sec 84Act of a person of unsound mind/McNaughten's ruleSec 85Act of a person who's intoxicated against will.Sec 87A person less than 18 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which may result from an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. consent for wrestling contestSec 88 to93Legal protection to medical doctors. Sec 89 - a child < 12 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur by an act done in good faith or for itsbenefi t e.g. consent for operationSec 174Police inquestSec 176Magistrate's inquestSec 179Punishment for refusal to answer question by the policeSec 191Definition of perjurySec 193Punishment for perjurySec 197Issuing false certificate (3-7 years of punishment)Sec 201Disappearance of evidence (2 years of punishment)Sec 297Trespassing of burial placeSec 299Definition of Culpable homicideSec 300MurderSec 302Punishment for murder/infanticideSec 304Culpable homicide not amounting to murderSec 304 ACausing death by negligenceSec 304 BDowry death307Attempt to murder308Attempt to culpable homicide309Attempt to suicideSec 317Abandoning of infantsSec 318Concealment of death of childSec 319HurtSec 320Grievous hurtSec 321Voluntarily causing hurtSec 322Voluntarily causing grievous hurtSec 323Punishment for voluntary causing hurtSec 324Punishment for voluntary causing hurt by dangerous weapon/meansSec 325Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurtSec 326Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt by a dangerous weapon/meansSec 351AssaultSec 354Assault to outrage the modesty of a woman.Sec 375Definition of rapeSec 376Punishment of rapeSec 377Unnatural sexual offenceSec 497Adultery

Introduction to Forensic Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence


Question: Agonal period is the duration between

AGONAL PERIOD:- It is the time between a lethal occurrence and death. Ref:- k s narayan reddy; pg num:-142

Traumatic event and staing of the operation

Traumatic event and information given to the relatives


Question: Vitriolage is punished under


Question: Never used in chemical analysis

Formalin cannot be used for preservation because it hardens and fixes the tissues and poison cannot be extracted. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 404


Question: The "knot" in judicial hanging is placed at

Ans. is 'b' i.e. The side of the neck Though submental knot (below the chin) is thought to be more effective and ensures a quicker death; subaural knot (side of the neck under the angle of the jaw/mandible) on the left side is the preferred position in India as well as England. Judicial hanging causes fracture-dislocation usually at the level of 2nd and 3rd or 3rd and 4th cervical vertebrae. B/l fractures of either the pedicles or laminae of the arch of the 2nd, 3rd or 4th cervical vertebrae occur.In proper judicial hanging, there is rupture of the brain stem between the pons and the medulla.This results in instantaneous and irreversible loss of consciousness (d/t destruction of reticular formation) and in irreversible apnoea (d/t destruction of the respiratory centre).Death is instantaneous due to damage to spinal cord or brain stem though the heart may continue to beat for 15 to 20 minutes and muscle jerking may occur for quite some time.


Question: Species identification is done by


Question: Arrange the following tooth in the order of age of eruption of temporary teeth Upper lateral incisor Lower lateral incisor Lower medial incisor Upper medial incisor

Eruption sequence of Temporary Dentition Lower medial incisor 6 to 8 months Upper medial incisor 7 to 9 months Upper lateral incisor 7 to 9 months Lower lateral incisor 10 to 12 months First molar 12 to 14 months Canine 17 to 18 months Second molar 20 to 30 months


Question: Dying declaration comes under

Section-32(1) of Indian Evidence Act, the Word "Dying Declaration" means a statement is written or verbal of relevant facts made by a person, who is dead. It is the statement of a person who had died explaining the circumstances of his death. Ref:Krishnan vij Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; 5th ed; Page no: 9


Question: Pressure upon the neck by the arm held around the neck in

Mugging ( Arm lock) The term mugging means pressure upon the neck by the arm held around the neck. The attack is usually made from behind, the neck being trapped in the crook of the elbow and pressure exeed when the front and sides of the larynx get squeezed. Death may ensue due to asphyxia or reflex cardiac arrest. Ref: TEXTBOOK OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY KRISHNAN VIJ FIFTH EDITION PAGE 134


Question: Compound used as primer in weapon is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Potassium chlorate Cartridge (round)* Cartridge is the ammunition used in firearms. Cartridge consists of (i) Cartridge case, (ii) Propellant (gun powder), (iii) Projectile (missile) and (iv) Wads (only in shotguns.).1) Cartridge case# It is the outer shell or covering of the cartridge. In shotgun it is cylinderical. Base is of brass and rest of it is of cardboard or plastic. In rifled weapons, it is tapering and whole of it is made of brass or steel.# Center of base has percussion cap (detonator cap) which has sensitive composition, i.e. primer, consisting of potassium chlorate, antimony sulphide, mercury fulminate, barium nitrite, lead peroxide or tetrazene.# In all weapons, after firing, the cartridge case remains in the barrel and it is to be taken out manually (shotgun, revolvers, rifle) or it is ejected out automatically, e.g. in pistals.2) Propellent (gun powder)# It propels the projectile (missile) forward. It is composed of black powder or smokeless powder in the form of grains, pellets, thin cylindrical cords or flakes. Its ignition results in formation of expanding hot gases under pressure which (gas pressure) propels the projectile (missile) by providing it necessary muzzle velocity and striking energy.# The classical gun powder is known as black powder, consists of charcol (15%), Sulphur (10%), and potassium nitrate (75%). Depending on fineness, the black gun powder is designated as FG, FFG, FFFG. etc. (F = fineness). Pyrodex is another gun powder with same components, but with different ratios.# Black gun powder produces smoke, i.e. It is smoke producing powder. Smokeless powder, in addition to black powder, has nitrocellulose (single base), or nitrocellulose plus nitroglycerine (double base), or nitrocellulose plus nitroglycerine plus nitroguanidine (triple base). Semi smokeless powder has 80% black powder and 20% smokeless powder (nitrocellulose).3) Projectile (missile)# Projectile is an object propelled by force of rapidly burning gases. In shotgun these are lead shots and pellets (recently steel is also used instead of lead) and in rifled weapons (pistal, rifle, revolver), these are bullets. Tip of the bullet is knwon as nose.4) Wads# Wads are present only in the cartridge of a shot gun. Wad can be made of paper, left, card board, or plastic. These are circular disc of various thicknesses, used to adjust the contents of a shotgun cartridge.# Felt wad (wad made of felt) is imprignated with grease and this lubricates the bore (inside of barrel).


Question: "Tram line bruises" are caused due to injuries caused by

When a person is stuck with a cylindrical object such as iron bar, the bruise pattern formed is distinct. The skin surface is indented and blood vessels at the edges are ruptured. Blood is squeezed out of any vessels along the point of contact, but the vessels remain relatively intact (paicularly if the suppoing tissues are lax). When the impacting object is removed, blood flows back into the undamaged vessels, but leaks from the damaged ones. The resulting bruise is termed a 'tramline bruise' because it appears as a pale linear central area lined on either side by linear bruising. Ref: Krishan Vij textbook of forensic medicine, 5th edition pg : 218


Question: Paraquat poisoning causes

Paraquat poisoning causes Multiple organ failure. Paraquat is a very toxic compound, 2 g can be potentially fatal (10 ml of concentrated 20% solution). Initial signs of toxicity are due to its corrosive effects on the GI tract and Oropharynx. Paraquat absorbed and is sequestered in the lungs--> form hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions--> cell death-->acute alveolitis. Management providing suppoive care activated charcoal to reduce absorption. Excessive oxygen supplementation can actually increase pulmonary toxicity Oral mucosa is observed with edema, jaundice and ulcerations. bilateral opacities of peripheral and parahilar predominance. Liver enlarged in size and weight, congestive and indurated, gallbladder with cholestasis.


Question: Sexual gratification obtained by contact of private pas in

Frotteurism In this, sexual gratification is obtained by contact. The person is obtaining the gratification by rubbing his private pas against a female's body. It is punishable according to Sec 354A IPC Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IGNATIUS THIRD EDITION PAGE 312


Question: In macerated fetus, the organ used for DNA profiling is

If fetus is macerated, fetal lungs and brain tissues are more suitable for DNA typing Normal fetuses In older fetus, sample consists of fetal blood obtained by hea puncture. In young fetus, analysis of chorionic villi may provide the fetal pattern. Other tissue suitable for DNA analysis is - quadriceps muscle or rib


Question: Excessive sexual desires  in females is known as

Excessive sexual desires in Male's - Satyriasis.
Excessive sexual desires in Female's - Nymphomania.


Question: IPC 321 deals with 0

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Voluntarily causing hurt 3191 PC : Defines hurt,o 320IPC : Defines grievous hurt,o 321 IPC : Voluntarily causing hurt,o 322 IPC : Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.o 323 IPC : Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt {no provocation, no dangerous weapon) (1 years imprisonment),o 324 IPC : Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapon (3 years imprisonment +- fine),o 325 IPC : Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt (no provocation, no dangerous weapon) (7 years imprisonment +- fine).

Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn